Energie- und Umweltbericht 2008

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Veröffentlichung Erstellt 20.11.2008 Veröffentlicht 20.11.2008
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EEA Report No 6/2008

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    Total installed electrical and thermal capacity for RES sources, 2006 Total installed electrical and thermal capacity for RES sources, 2006 Data for large hydro is for 2005.
    Estimated impact of different factors on the reduction of CO2, SO2 and NOX emissions from public heat and electricity generation in the EU-27, 1990-2005 Estimated impact of different factors on the reduction of CO2, SO2 and NOX emissions from public heat and electricity generation in the EU-27, 1990-2005
    Change in the emissions intensity (per toe) of energy-related air pollutants in the EU-27, 1990-2005 Change in the emissions intensity (per toe) of energy-related air pollutants in the EU-27, 1990-2005
    Structure of CO2 emissions from thermal power plants in EU-27 Structure of CO2 emissions from thermal power plants in EU-27
    CO2 emissions, space heating per m2, climate corrected CO2 emissions, space heating per m2, climate corrected 1990 and 2005 data is climate corrected against each country's long-term average climate, whereas the last series is climate corrected and scaled against the EU long-term average climate to account for temperature differences between countries.
    Renewable electricity as % of gross electricity consumption (2005 data) EU-27 Renewable electricity as % of gross electricity consumption (2005 data) EU-27 The Renewable Electricity Directive (2001/77/EC) defines renewable electricity as the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption
    Contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy consumption in the EU-27 Contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy consumption in the EU-27
    Share of combined heat and power in the gross electricity production in 2005 Share of combined heat and power in the gross electricity production in 2005 The share is defined as the proportion of CHP electricity production (from both auto-producers and public utilities) in the total electricity production
    % change households final energy consumption per person, 1990-2005 % change households final energy consumption per person, 1990-2005 Population as estimated on 1 January each year.
    Trends in total energy intensity, gross domestic product and total energy consumption, EU-27 Trends in total energy intensity, gross domestic product and total energy consumption, EU-27 To compute the EU27 GDP index in 1990, it was necessary to make some assumptions
    Emission intensity of carbon dioxide from public conventional thermal power production Emission intensity of carbon dioxide from public conventional thermal power production Emissions intensity is calculated as the amount of pollutant produced (in tonnes) from the public electricity and heat production divided by the output of electricity and heat (in toe) from these plants.
    Household electricity and gas prices in 2007 — adjusted to purchasing power Household electricity and gas prices in 2007 — adjusted to purchasing power PPS = Purchasing Power Standards
    Drivers of the change in average annual energy consumption per household in the EU-15 from 1990 to 2004 Drivers of the change in average annual energy consumption per household in the EU-15 from 1990 to 2004
    Final electricity consumption by sector, EU-27 Final electricity consumption by sector, EU-27
    CO2 emission savings per year for EU-27 at different transformation efficiencies CO2 emission savings per year for EU-27 at different transformation efficiencies
    Share of total primary energy consumption by fuel, by country in 2005 Share of total primary energy consumption by fuel, by country in 2005 Negative shares of electricity indicate exports and the reverse is true for imports.
    Projections of energy demand for several time horizons in Europe Projections of energy demand for several time horizons in Europe
    Average annual change in final energy and electricity consumption in EU-27, 2005 Average annual change in final energy and electricity consumption in EU-27, 2005
    Oil production and discharges from offshore oil installations in the north-east Atlantic Oil production and discharges from offshore oil installations in the north-east Atlantic Data available only from Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, United Kingdom and Norway; hence, coverage is restricted to the north-east Atlantic; no data for 1991 and 1993.
    CO2 emissions per capita by country (split by energy and non-energy related emissions), 2005 CO2 emissions per capita by country (split by energy and non-energy related emissions), 2005
    Final energy and electricity consumption per capita, 2005 Final energy and electricity consumption per capita, 2005
    Trends in nominal end-user energy prices and disposable income, EU-15 Trends in nominal end-user energy prices and disposable income, EU-15 Data are not available for Luxembourg or Ireland.
    Annual average growth rates in primary renewable energy consumption, EU-27 Annual average growth rates in primary renewable energy consumption, EU-27
    Trends in greenhouse gas emissions by sector between 1990-2005, EU-27 Trends in greenhouse gas emissions by sector between 1990-2005, EU-27
    Energy used and energy lost in 2005 (% of primary energy consumption) Energy used and energy lost in 2005 (% of primary energy consumption) Elements of the graph are taken directly from these specified categories in the Eurostat Data Explorer (for further information, see Annex 4: Description of main data sources), with the exception of losses in transformation, which is based on the categories: 'Transformation input' minus 'Transformation output'
    Electricity production by fuel, EU-27 Electricity production by fuel, EU-27 Data shown are for gross electricity production and include electricity production from the both public plants and auto-producers
    Structure of the efficiency of transformation and distribution of energy: from primary energy consumption to final energy consumption, EU-27, 2005 Structure of the efficiency of transformation and distribution of energy: from primary energy consumption to final energy consumption, EU-27, 2005
    Structure of total greenhouse gas emissions by sector, EU-27, 2005 Structure of total greenhouse gas emissions by sector, EU-27, 2005 (i) Greenhouse gas emissions are those covered by the Kyoto Protocol and include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and three fluorinated gases, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
    Final energy consumption by sector, EU-27 Final energy consumption by sector, EU-27
    Share of environmental taxes in the total tax revenue in 1995 and 2005 Share of environmental taxes in the total tax revenue in 1995 and 2005 The data for 2004 are only available for Portugal and Malta
    CO2 emissions intensity of electricity and heat output CO2 emissions intensity of electricity and heat output The emissions intensity is the level of CO2, emissions per GWh of electricity and heat produced.
    Fuel input to CHP plants in the EU-27 in 2005 Fuel input to CHP plants in the EU-27 in 2005
    Emissions of acidifying substances, ozone precursors and particulate matter (primary and secondary) per capita, 2005 Emissions of acidifying substances, ozone precursors and particulate matter (primary and secondary) per capita, 2005
    Share of taxes in the electricity prices paid by households in 2007 Share of taxes in the electricity prices paid by households in 2007
    Changes in household electricity and gas prices, 2005-2007 Changes in household electricity and gas prices, 2005-2007 Electricity prices are those paid by an average consumer with an annual consumption of 3 500 kWh, of which 1 300 are consumed at night
    CO2 emissions in EU-27 by fuel and by origin of the fuel (domestic vs. imported), 2005 CO2 emissions in EU-27 by fuel and by origin of the fuel (domestic vs. imported), 2005 The chart takes into account that different fuels have different implied emission factors
    Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita in the EU, USA, Russia, China and the World Energy-related CO2 emissions per capita in the EU, USA, Russia, China and the World
    Household CO2 emissions per dwelling, climate corrected Household CO2 emissions per dwelling, climate corrected
    Overall changes in energy-related emissions by main group of air pollutants in the EU-27, 1990-2005 Overall changes in energy-related emissions by main group of air pollutants in the EU-27, 1990-2005 The change in particulate matter includes emissions of both primary and secondary particulate-forming pollutants (the fraction of sulphur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxides NOX and ammonia NH3 which, as a result of photo-chemical reactions in the atmosphere, transform into particulate matter with a diameter of 10 ¼m or less)
    Emissions of air pollutants by sector in 2005, EU-27 Emissions of air pollutants by sector in 2005, EU-27 The graph above shows the emissions of ozone precursors (methane CH4; carbon monoxide CO; nonmethane volatile organic compounds NMVOCs; and nitrogen oxides NOX) each weighted by a factor prior to aggregation to represent their respective tropospheric ozone formation potential (TOFP)
    Total energy-related CO2 emissions in the EU, USA, Russia and China Total energy-related CO2 emissions in the EU, USA, Russia and China
    EU-27 imports of natural gas, crude oil, hard coal and the sum of these, by country of origin, as a % of primary energy consumption EU-27 imports of natural gas, crude oil, hard coal and the sum of these, by country of origin, as a % of primary energy consumption GIEC = gross inland energy consumption (or primary energy consumption).
    Efficiency (electricity and heat) production from public conventional thermal plants, 1990 and 2005 Efficiency (electricity and heat) production from public conventional thermal plants, 1990 and 2005 Efficiency is defined as output divided by total fuel input to public conventional thermal plants
    Renewables as a % of final energy consumption by Member State (2005 data) Renewables as a % of final energy consumption by Member State (2005 data) The targets proposed in EC (2008) are provisional and may be subject to change.
    Odyssee ODEX — energy efficiency index Odyssee ODEX — energy efficiency index ODEX is the aggregate energy efficiency index of the other three sectors.
    Household energy consumption, space heating per m2, climate corrected Household energy consumption, space heating per m2, climate corrected 1990 and 2005 data are climate corrected against each country's long-term average climate, whereas the last series is climate corrected and scaled against the EU long-term average climate to account for temperature differences between countries.
    Water abstraction for energy cooling (million m3/year) in early 1990s and 2001-2005 Water abstraction for energy cooling (million m3/year) in early 1990s and 2001-2005 Eastern (central and northern): Bulgaria (1990;2005), Czech Republic (1990;2002), Estonia (1990;2002), Hungary (1992;2002), Poland (1990;2005), Romania (1991;2005) Western (central and northern): Austria (1990;2002), Belgium (1994;2003), England&Wales (1990;2004), Finland (1990;2005), Germany (1991;2004), Netherlands (1990;2005), Sweden (1990;2004), Switzerland (1990;2005) Southern: France (1990;2002), Spain (1991;2004) Turkey: (1994;2004)
    Renewable electricity generation in selected countries and regions (percentage of global total renewable electricity generation) Renewable electricity generation in selected countries and regions (percentage of global total renewable electricity generation) The renewables considered include hydro (small and large), biomass and waste, wind, geothermal, solar, tide and wave.
    External costs of electricity production, 1990 and 2005 — low and high estimates External costs of electricity production, 1990 and 2005 — low and high estimates Data for Malta, Cyprus, Bulgaria and Romania is not available
    LCA GHG emissions of various energy systems (2000) LCA GHG emissions of various energy systems (2000) For solar electricity, a concentrating solarthermal power generation system with parabolic trough, a solar tower plant with a concentrating mirror field and a parabolic solar 'dish' mirror with a Stirling engine
    Average annual change in total primary energy consumption by fuel, EU-27 Average annual change in total primary energy consumption by fuel, EU-27
    Share of taxes in the gas prices paid by households in 2007 Share of taxes in the gas prices paid by households in 2007
    Contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy consumption in the EU-27 Contribution of renewable energy sources to primary energy consumption in the EU-27 Hydropower was calculated according to the new methodology proposed in the CARE package (15year average)
    Large (> 7 tonnes) tanker spills in European waters 1990-2007 Large (> 7 tonnes) tanker spills in European waters 1990-2007
    LCA PM emissions for various energy systems (2000) LCA PM emissions for various energy systems (2000)
    Annual quantities of spent nuclear fuel arising from nuclear power plants in the EU (tonnes of heavy metal) Annual quantities of spent nuclear fuel arising from nuclear power plants in the EU (tonnes of heavy metal) No information has been included for Bulgaria due to a lack of data.
    Number of days with water temperature higher than 23 oC in the river Rhine (Lobith, the Netherlands) 1909-2003 Number of days with water temperature higher than 23 oC in the river Rhine (Lobith, the Netherlands) 1909-2003 Number of days with water temperature higher than 23 oC in the river Rhine (Lobith, the Netherlands) 1909-2003
    LCA emissions of acidifying substances for various energy systems (2000) LCA emissions of acidifying substances for various energy systems (2000)
    Shares of total CO2 emissions (percentage of global total) Shares of total CO2 emissions (percentage of global total) Total CO2 emissions include emissions from power generation, other energy sector and total final consumption
    Total stored amount of high level waste Total stored amount of high level waste No information has been included for Bulgaria due to a lack of data.
    Energy consumption by end use per dwelling, 2005 Energy consumption by end use per dwelling, 2005 A full breakdown of energy consumption by enduse is not available for the countries listed to the right of the EU15 graph and hence only the total and available enduses are shown.
    Total primary energy consumption by fuel, EU-27 Total primary energy consumption by fuel, EU-27

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