What are the remaining uses of ozone-depleting substances?

At a global scale, consumption of ozone depleting substances controlled under the Montreal Protocol has declined by some 99.88% worldwide in the 1986-2013 period.

However, much remains to be done to ensure that the damage to the ozone layer is reverted. Initiatives to further reduce releases of ODS could involve the following:

• Addressing the strong growth in the production and consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in developing countries;
• Collecting and safely disposing of the large quantities of ODS contained in old equipment and buildings (the so-called ODS 'banks');
• Ensuring that restrictions on ODS continue to be properly implemented and the remaining worldwide use of ODS declines further;
• Preventing illegal trade in ODS; and
  
• Strengthening the international and European framework on ozone-depleting substances (e.g. inclusion of other known ODS, restricting exemptions).

In the EEA-33, ozone-depleting substances are still used to the extent allowed by the Montreal Protocol and the ODS Regulation (applying to the EU-28) by means of exemptions to the overall phase-down. The exempted uses concern 'critical uses', 'feedstock uses', 'process agent uses' and 'laboratory and analytical uses'.

Table 1 (Figure 2) shows an estimate of the quantities of substances covered by the Montreal Protocol that are used within the EU for the above-mentioned uses as reported to the EEA (2013 reporting year, coverage EU-28).

For 'feedstock' and 'process agent use', known as having very low emission ratios (0.32 and 2.75%), actual emissions are also to be reported by the companies concerned. These low emission ratios are one of the reasons why these two uses operate with less stringent rules under the Montreal Protocol and the EU legislation on ozone-depleting substances. However, given that the Montreal Protocol targets have generally been achieved for the EEA-33 and worldwide, the importance of these emissions subsequently becomes more apparent. Therefore, any future changes on the rules affecting these uses could potentially result in additional environmental benefits.

The current reporting framework on ODS in the EU does not include reporting on emissions for laboratory uses. Critical uses are estimated and thus the figures are not comparable for use in this indicator. It is also not possible to estimate the level of emissions that arise from those uses, laboratory and critical uses due to the multitude of technologies and industry-sites involved. Instead, these figures show which ODS uses are still relevant in the EU today and could be a future target of additional operational rules.

The EU has already gone beyond the rules of the Montreal Protocol to tackle some of the remaining challenges. Among these actions, as previously mentioned, the ODS Regulation introduced a new fill ban and a servicing ban affecting HCFCs. The ODS Regulation also covers new substances in addition to those controlled under the Montreal Protocol.

Table 2 (Figure 3) shows the combined ozone depleting potential of the substances covered by both the Montreal Protocol and the ODS Regulation. It becomes apparent that the additional substances covered by the ODS Regulation only ('new substances') are especially relevant as feedstock and industrial solvents (many 'new substances' are used for this latter purpose). The substitution of traditional ODS with these newer ozone-depleting substances is a relatively recent trend and closely monitored by the EEA.

There is also scientific evidence that chemicals other than those covered by the Montreal Protocol and the ODS Regulation are playing a role in the depletion of ozone. Adequately managing the use and releases of other known ozone-depleting substances represents a challenge that will need to be addressed by the international community and the EU.

What is the current state of the ozone layer?

Maximum historical depletion over the south hemisphere (24 September 2006) and over the North hemisphere (15 March 2011)

Note: False-color view of total ozone over the Arctic and Antarctic poles. The purple and blue colors indicate lowest ozone presence, while yellow and red indicate higher ozone presence.

Data source:

Data provenance info is missing.

Downloads and more info

Depletion of stratospheric ozone occurs over both hemispheres of the Earth. However, this phenomenon is significantly less severe in the northern hemisphere (Arctic) than in the southern hemisphere (Antarctica). This is the case because year-to-year meteorological variability is larger over the Arctic than over the Antarctic. Furthermore, temperatures in the stratosphere do not remain low for a long time in the Arctic as is the case in the Antarctic.

The highest historical levels of ozone depletion took place on 24 September 2006 in the southern hemisphere and on 15 March 2011 in the northern Hemisphere. Figure 4 shows the significant difference in the affected area and concentration levels of O₃ between the two hemispheres. Concentration levels of 200 Dobson Units (DU)or less (represented in blue/violet in the images) are technically considered to be a severe ozone depletion and constitute the so-called ozone hole. This is only apparent in the southern hemisphere.

When taking a closer look at the situation over Antarctica, where the phenomenon is more serious, it becomes apparent that the depth and areal extent of the ozone hole remains there. Further in 2011, there was a larger depletion compared to 2010 and 2012. On 11 September of 2014, the ozone-hole area reached a daily maximum of 24.1 million square kilometres (Figure 5) - equivalent to about six times the territory of the EU.

The extent of the ozone hole seems to be stagnating with a slight positive prospect. This is also visible in terms of minimum ozone concentrations. During the last three years (2012-2014), the average lowest concentration was 118 DU while over the ten preceding years (2002-2011) it reached an average value of 102.9 DU.

However, the mitigation of the ozone depletion is still very fragile and scientific evidence suggests that more action is still required to remove pressure on the ozone layer caused by ODS.

Indicator definition

ODSs are long-lived chemicals that contain chlorine and/or bromine and can deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. This indicator quantifies the current state of the ozone layer, the progress being made towards meeting the EU’s Montreal Protocol commitments and trends in the remaining uses of ODSs within the EU.

Context: the ozone layer refers to a region of the Earth’s atmosphere (the stratosphere) in which ozone (O₃
) is present in concentrations high enough to absorb most of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This natural phenomenon is essential for life on Earth because UV radiation damages living tissue. Ozone depletion refers to the steady decline in the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere and the decrease in stratospheric ozone in the polar regions during the spring season. This has become widely known as the 'ozone hole'. This phenomenon was first observed during the 1970s, when it was shown that the ozone hole was caused by complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere involving so-called ODSs, which are almost exclusively a result of human industrial activity.

Units

Depending on the metric involved, this indicator uses the annual maximum Antarctic ozone hole area in square kilometres (km²) and ODS consumption weighted by the ODP of the substances in ODP tonnes.

Policy context and targets

Context description

The 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol is widely recognised as one of the most successful multilateral environmental agreements to date. Its implementation has led to a global decrease in the impact of ODSs on the atmosphere. The agreement covers the phase-out of over 200 ODSs including CFCs, halons, CTC, TCA, HCFCs, HBFCs, BCM and MB. The Montreal Protocol controls the consumption and production of these substances, not their emissions.

Following the signing of the Montreal Protocol and its subsequent amendments and adjustments, policy measures have been taken to limit or phase out the production and consumption of ODSs to protect the stratospheric ozone layer against depletion. This indicator tracks the progress of EU Member States towards this limiting or phasing out ODS consumption.

For the EU, the ratification dates were the following:

EEA member countries have made tremendous progress in reducing the consumption and production of ODSs since the signing of the Montreal Protocol. In that time, ODS production has fallen from over half a million ODP tonnes to practically zero, not including production for exempted uses. Since 2009, EEA member countries have also been subject to the more stringent EU ODS Regulation (1005/2009/EC as amended by 744/2010/EU), which applies to additional substances and accelerates the phase-out of remaining ODSs in the EU.

Targets

The international target under the ozone conventions and protocols is the complete phase-out of ODSs, according to the schedule below.

Countries falling under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Protocol are considered developing countries under the protocol. Phase-out schedules for Article 5(1) countries are delayed by 10-20 years compared with non-Article 5(1) countries.

A summary of the phase-out schedule for non-Article 5(1) countries, including Beijing adjustments, is shown in the table below.

Related policy documents

• Commission Regulation (EU) No 744/2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, with regard to the critical uses of halons
  Commission Regulation (EU) No 744/2010 of 18 August 2010 amending Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on substances that deplete the ozone layer, with regard to the critical uses of halons
• Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer
  Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on substances that deplete the ozone layer (Text with EEA relevance) 
• Regulation (EC) No 2038/2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as regards metered dose inhalers and medical drug pumps
  Regulation (EC) No 2038/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as regards metered dose inhalers and medical drug pumps 
• Regulation (EC) No 2039/2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as regards the base year for the allocation of quotas of hydrochlorofluorocarbons
  Regulation (EC) No 2039/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2000 amending Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer, as regards the base year for the allocation of quotas of hydrochlorofluorocarbons
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
  The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer: The  Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Methodology

Methodology for indicator calculation

Maximum ozone hole area

This indicator presents the maximum ozone hole area in km². The ozone hole area is determined from total ozone satellite measurements. It is defined as the region of ozone with values of below 220 DU located south of 40 °S. The maximum ozone hole area is provided in km² by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center via Ozone Hole Watch. It can be accessed online at http://ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/meteorology/annual_data.html

Consumption of ozone-depleting substances 

The indicator presents ODS consumption in units of tonnes of ODSs, which is the amount of ODSs consumed, multiplied by their respective ODP value. UNEP Ozone Secretariat data are already provided in ODP tonnes. All data can be downloaded from https://ozone.unep.org/under-construction

Formulae for calculating consumption are defined by Articles 1 and 3 of the Montreal Protocol and can be accessed here: https://ozone.unep.org/

Simply put, consumption is defined as production plus imports minus exports. Amounts destroyed or used as feedstock are subtracted from production. Amounts of MB used for quarantine and pre-shipment applications are excluded. Exports to non-parties are included, but are not allowed.

Parties report each of the above components annually to the Ozone Secretariat in official data reporting forms. The parties do not, however, make the above subtractions and other calculations themselves. The Ozone Secretariat performs this task itself.

Remaining uses of ozone-depleting substances in EU Member States

This indicator presents reported sales of ODSs on the European market and reported production in ODP tonnes (see above). These data are reported annually to the EEA by companies under the EU ODS Regulation (1005/2009/EC) and treated as confidential. Data represented here were reported by at least three company groups that each contributed at least 5 % of the total reported amount.

Methodology for gap filling

No gap filling takes place.

Methodology references

• Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Thirteenth edition, 2019) UNEP, 2019 ( September 2019  specific URL: https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol  -> https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-08/MP_Handbook_2019_1.pdf )
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer  as either adjusted and/or amended in London 1990, Copenhagen 1992, Vienna 1995, Montreal 1997, Beijing 1999. UNEP Ozone Secretariat United Nations Environment Programme (September 2019 specific URL:  https://ozone.unep.org/treaties/montreal-protocol  -> Text of the Montreal Protocol as adjusted in 2018 – subject to entry into force on 21 June 2019 -> https://ozone.unep.org/sites/default/files/2019-04/MP-consolidated-English-2019.pdf)

Uncertainties

Methodology uncertainty

Policies focus on the production and consumption of ODSs rather than emissions, which are what actually harm the ozone layer. The reason is that emissions from multiple small sources are much more difficult to monitor accurately than industrial production and consumption. Consumption is the driver of industrial production. Production and consumption can precede emissions by many years, as emissions typically take place after the disposal of products in which ODSs are used (fire extinguishers, refrigerators, etc.). The same is true for sales of ODSs for certain uses and their actual use.

Data sets uncertainty

Data provided by the Ozone Secretariat and the EEA Ozone Database are based on reporting from companies that produce, import, export, use or destroy ODSs. A number of rigorous quality checks ensure a high degree of completeness and correctness. The quality of the data ultimately remains the responsibility of each reporting company.

Omissions and double-counting are theoretically possible because of the nature of the reporting obligation under the ODS Regulation. It is estimated that such uncertainties affect a negligible part of the data.

Rationale uncertainty

Policies focus on the production and consumption of ODSs rather than emissions. The reason is that emissions from multiple small sources are much more difficult to monitor accurately than industrial production and consumption. Consumption is the driver of industrial production. Production and consumption can precede emissions by many years, as emissions typically take place after the disposal of products in which ODSs are used (fire extinguishers, refrigerators, etc.).