Estimates of the extent of hypoxia and anoxia in Autumn 2007.

Figure Created 12 Nov 2009 Published 12 Nov 2009 Last modified 29 Nov 2012
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Hypoxia = oxygen content less than 2 ml/l Anoxia = oxygen content nil; often with presence of hydrogen sulphide-which reacts with oxygen to produce sulphate

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When this reaction occurs, oxygen concentrations are considered negative Over time, there has been a steady increase in the area affected by hydrogen sulphide in the East and West Gotland Basins, and the outer Gulf of Finland. Water from the Gulf of Finland does not enter into the Gulf of Bothnia. As a result, despite its depth, it remains well oxygenated, even during autumn.

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Marine and coastal environment — SOER 2010 thematic assessment European marine regions include the north-east Atlantic and Arctic oceans, and the Mediterranean, Black and Baltic seas. Human activities — such as fishing, aquaculture and agriculture — and climate change cause large and severe impacts on Europe's coastal and marine ecosystems. The EU objective of halting biodiversity loss by 2010 has not been met in either the coastal or the marine environment. Recognising the need for an integrated ecosystem-based approach to reduce pressures, the EU Integrated Maritime Policy allows for the development of sea-related activities in a sustainable manner. Its environmental pillar, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, aims to deliver 'good environmental status' of the marine environment by 2020, and the Common Fisheries Policy will be reformed in 2012 with the aim of achieving sustainable fisheries. Complementary policy efforts include the EU Water Framework Directive and other freshwater legislation, and the Habitats and Birds Directives.
EEA Signals 2009 - Key environmental issues facing Europe Signals is published by the European Environment Agency (EEA) at the start of each year and provides snapshot stories on issues of interest both to the environmental policy debate and the wider public for the upcoming year. The eight stories addressed are not exhaustive but have been selected on the basis of their relevance to the current environmental policy debate in Europe. They address priority issues of climate change, nature and biodiversity, the use of natural resources and health.

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