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Indicator Assessment
Emission trends of sulphur dioxide (EEA member countries, EU-27 Member States)
Note: Data ar for sulphur dioxide. The with measures (WM) projections reported by Member States take into account currently implemented and adopted policies and measures.
EEA aggregated and gap-filled air emission dataset, based on 2009 officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE LRTAP Convention, the EU NEC Directive and EU-MM/UNFCCC. 2010 NEC Directive projections data: EEA Directive status report 2008 (EEA Technical report No. 11/2009).
Change in emissions of sulphur dioxide compared with the 2010 NECD and Gothenburg protocol targets (EEA member countries)
Note: Data are for sulphur dioxide (SO2). Gothenburg protocol targets are shown for the non-EU countries (e.g. Switzerland and Norway).
EEA aggregated and gap-filled air emission dataset, based on 2009 officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE LRTAP Convention, the EU NEC Directive and EU-MM/UNFCCC.
Distance to target for EEA member countries - Sulphur dioxide
Note: Data are for sulphur dioxide (SO2). The distance to target results are shown in green (countries need to do more to be on track to meet their ceiling in 2010) and purple (countries are on track to meet their ceiling in 2010).
EEA aggregated and gap-filled air emission dataset, based on 2009 officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE LRTAP Convention, the EU NEC Directive and EU-MM/UNFCCC.
In general strong progress in reducing SO2 emissions has been made by countries; EEA-32 emissions of SO2 have decreased by 69% between 1990 and 2007. Within the EEA-32 group of countries, all have reported lower emissions in 2007 compared to 1990 except Greece (+12%), Malta (16%), Turkey (+20%) and Iceland (199%).
Seventeen of the EU-27 Member States have already reduced their national SO2 emissions below the level of the emission ceilings set in the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). The Member States which have already achieved their ceilings are: Austria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Sweden.
A number of other Member States reported SO2 emissions for the year 2007 that were close to their respective ceilings under the NECD. These countries are considered well on track towards meeting their emission ceilings in 2010.
However, a small number of Member States still require relatively significant reductions in SO2 emissions to be made if they are to meet their 2010 ceilings under the NECD. These Member States include Greece, Malta and Spain.
The EFTA-4 (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) and CC-3 (Croatia, FYR of Macedonia and Turkey) countries are not members of the European Union and hence have no emission ceilings set under the NECD. However, Switzerland and Norway have ratified the Gothenburg Protocol, requiring them to reduce their emissions to the agreed ceiling specified in the protocol by 2010. Both countries have already met its Gothenburg Protocol ceiling.
Change in sulphur dioxide emissions for each sector between 1990 and 2007 (EEA member countries)
Note: Bar chart showing percentage change between 1990 and 2007 of sulphur dioxide emissions. Detail is shown by sector (EEA's sector classification).
EEA aggregated and gap-filled air emission dataset, based on 2009 officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE LRTAP Convention, the EU NEC Directive and EU-MM/UNFCCC.
Contribution to total change in sulphur dioxide emissions for each sector (EEA member countries)
Substantial SO2 emission reductions have been made across a number of sectors including: road transport (95% reduction between 1990 and 2007), 'other energy' (80%), 'industry energy' (76%) and 'energy industries' (63% between 1990 and 2007).
The 'energy industries' sector (encompassing activities such as power and heat generation) is responsible for the largest reduction (in absolute terms) of emissions, contributing more than 53% of the total reduction in SO2 emissions reported by countries. Nevertheless, despite this significant reduction, this single sector remains the most significant source of SO2 in the EEA-32 region. Across
A combination of measures has led to the reductions in SO2 emissions. This includes fuel-switching from high-sulphur solid (e.g. coal) and liquid (e.g. heavy fuel oil) fuels to low sulphur fuels (such as natural gas) for power and heat production purposes within the 'energy industries', industry and domestic sectors, improvements in energy efficiency and the installation of flue gas desulphurisation equipment in new and existing industrial facilities. The implementation of several directives within the EU limiting the sulphur content of fuel quality has also contributed to the decrease.
The newer Member States of the European Union have in a number of cases also undergone significant economic structural changes since the early 1990s which has led to a general decline in certain activities which previously contributed significantly to high levels of sulphur emissions e.g. heavy industry and the closure of older inefficient power plants.
ktonnes (1000 tonnes)
A number of policies have been implemented within Europe that either directly or indirectly act to reduce emissions of SO2. These include:
Emissions of SO2 are covered by the EU National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) (2001/81/EC) and the Gothenburg protocol under the United Nations Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) (UNECE 1999). The NECD generally involves slightly stricter emission reduction targets than the Gothenburg Protocol for EU-15 countries for the period 1990-2010. The Gothenburg Protocol entered into force on 17 May 2005, after ratification by 16 countries early in 2005. Table: Percentage reduction (#) required by 2010 from 1990 levels by country, for emissions of SO2 1990 - 2010: NECD ceiling (%) 1990 - 2010: CLRTAP Gothenburg Protocol ceiling (%) Austria -48% -48% Belgium -73% -71% Bulgaria -45% -44% Cyprus 8% - Czech Republic -86% -85% Denmark -69% -69% Estonia -63% - Finland -57% -55% France -72% -70% Germany -90% -90% Greece 7% 12% Hungary -50% -46% Iceland * - - Ireland -77% -77% Italy -74% -72% Latvia 1% 5% Liechtenstein - - Lithuania -32% -32% Luxembourg -78% -78% Malta -43% - Netherlands -74% -74% Norway - -58% Poland -56% -56% Portugal -45% -42% Romania 21% 21% Slovakia -79% -79% Slovenia -86% -86% Spain -66% -64% Sweden -36% -36% Switzerland - -37% Turkey - -92% United Kingdom -84% -83% # The actual 2010 emission ceilings specified in the NECD and Gothenburg Protocol are expressed as absolute emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3 and NMVOC (in ktonnes). For the purposes of this indicator 1990 is considered as a 'base year' and the percentage change to emissions to meet the ceilings is calculated. Reported emissions for past years may change reflecting e.g. updated and revised emission inventory guidance, and so the % reduction required to meet the CLRTAP and NECD targets as shown here may change slightly in the future. * Emissions data not available for Iceland.
Indicator is based on officially reported national total and sectoral emissions to UNECE/EMEP (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe) Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention), submission 2009. Recommended methodologies for emission inventory estimation are compiled in the EMEP/CORINAIR Atmospheric Emission Inventory guidebook, EEA Copenhagen (EEA, 2009). Base data are available from the EEA Data Service (http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1096) and the EMEP web site (http://www.ceip.at/). Where necessary, gaps in reported data are filled by ETC/ACC using simple interpolation techniques (see below). The final gap-filled data used in this indicator is available from the EEA Data Service (http://dataservice.eea.europa.eu/dataservice/metadetails.asp?id=1058). This base data, reported in SNAP, draft NFR or NFR are aggregated into the following EEA sector codes to obtain a common reporting format across all countries and pollutants: The 'unallocated' sector corresponds to the difference between the reported national total and the sum of the reported sectors for a given pollutant / country / year combination. It can be either negative or positive. Inclusion of this additional sector means that the officially reported national totals do not require adjustment to ensure that they are consistent with the sum of the individual sectors reported by countries. The following table shows the conversion of Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) sector codes used for reporting by countries into EEA sector codes: EEA classification NFR Emission Source Category 0 National totals National total 1 Energy Industries 1A1 3 Industry (energy) 1A2 2 Fugitive emissions 1B 7 Road transport 1A3b 8 Other transport (non-road mobile machinery) 1A3 (exl 1A3b) 9 Industry processes 2 4 Agriculture 4 + 5B 5 Waste 6 6 Other (energy) 1A4a, 1A4b, 1A4b(i), 1A4c(i), 1A5a 10 Other (non-energy) 3 + 7 12 Energy industries (power and heat production) 1A1a 14 Unallocated Difference between national total and sum of sectors (1 - 10)
No methodology references available.
SO2 emission estimates in Europe are thought to have an uncertainty of about +/-10% as the sulphur comes from the fuel burnt and therefore can be accurately estimated. However, because of the need for interpolation to account for missing data, the complete dataset used will have higher uncertainty. EMEP has compared modelled and measured concentrations throughout Europe (EMEP 1998). From these studies, differences in the annual averages have been estimated to be +/-30%, which is consistent with an inventory uncertainty of +/-10% (there are also uncertainties in the measurements and especially the modelling). The trend is likely to be much more accurate than individual absolute values
Overall scoring: (1-3, 1=no major problems, 3=major reservations)
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea-32-sulphur-dioxide-so2-emissions/eea-32-sulphur-dioxide-so2 or scan the QR code.
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