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Observed annual mean temperature change from 1960 to 2019 (left panel) and projected change under different emissions scenarios (right panels) in Europe
Left panel: boxes outlined in black indicate areas with at least three stations, so are more likely to be representative; areas with significant long-term trends are indicated by black dots. Right panel: projected changes in near-surface air temperature by the period 2071-2100, compared with 1971-2000 for RCP4.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway) and 8.5 emissions scenarios; simulations are based on the multi-model ensemble average of simulations of the EURO-CORDEX initiative.
Observed trends in warm days across Europe between 1960 and 2017
Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature. Boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the entire grid. A significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot.
Number of extreme heat waves in future climates under two different climate forcing scenarios
The top maps show the median of the number of heat waves in a multi-model ensemble of the near future (2020–2052) and the latter half of the century (2068–2100) under the RCP4.5 scenario, and the lower maps are for the same time periods but under RCP8.5
Observed annual mean temperature trend from 1960 to 2023 (left panel) and projected 21st century temperature change under different SSP scenarios (right panels) in Europe
Left panel: Observed temperature trend from stations available in the European Climate Assessment and Datasets (ECA&D) (with different lengths of records) for daily temperature. Right panel: - Left map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981-2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081-2100) under the scenario SSP1-2.6. - Right map: Projected temperature change between the WMO reference period 1981-2010 and the end of the 21st century (period 2081-2100) under the scenario SSP5-8.5.
Trends in annual temperature across Europe between 1990 and 2019
This is a simplified map of the map 3 in the CSI012. Only trends values are presented and not signifince (dots) and number of stations (outline).
Trends in annual temperature across Europe between 1990 and 2019
This is a simplified map of the map 3 in the CSI012. Only trends values are presented and not signifince (dots) and number of stations (outline).
Enhanced warming in Europe compared to global warming
Extent of the heat wave in 2015 in Europe
Average temperature anomalies (°C) for Europe between 28 June 28 to 4 July. Baseline period is 1964–1993.
Associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities
Exposure-response associations between temperature and mortality in four European cities, together with related temperatures distributions. The shaded grey area delineates the 95 % empirical confidence interval. Solid grey vertical lines are minimum mortality temperatures and dashed grey vertical lines delineate the 2.5th and 97.5th percentile temperatures.
Trends in annual temperature across Europe between 1960 and 2018
Boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid. A significant (at the 5 % level) long-term trend is shown by a black dot. Stations available in the European Climate Assessment and Datasets (ECA&D) (with different lengths of records) for daily maximum and minimum temperature.
Potential tipping elements and cascades according to estimated thresholds in global average surface temperature
Annual projected changes in temperature and precipitation for northern Europe and southern Europe and for two time periods
Annual projected changes in temperature and precipitation for northern Europe and southern Europe and for two time periods - Northern Europe 2080
Annual projected changes in temperature and precipitation for northern Europe and southern Europe and for two time periods - Southern Europe 2040
Annual projected changes in temperature and precipitation for northern Europe and southern Europe and for two time periods - Southern Europe 2080
Global (left) and European land (right) average near-surface temperatures relative to the pre-industrial period
Global (left) and European land (right) average near-surface temperatures relative to the pre-industrial period - Global decadal
Global (left) and European land (right) average near-surface temperatures relative to the pre-industrial period - European annual
Global (left) and European land (right) average near-surface temperatures relative to the pre-industrial period - European decadel
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Rate of change of global average temperature
Global average near surface temperature since the pre-industrial period
Global average near surface temperature since the pre-industrial period
Global (above) and European (below) annual average near-surface temperature anomalies relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900
Above chart: Global annual averages of near-surface temperature of land and ocean expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv6 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth. Below chart: European annual averages of near-surface temperature expressed as the anomaly relative to the pre-industrial period 1850-1900 according to the datasets used by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S): ERA5 (C3S/ECMWF), JRA-55 (JMA), GISTEMPv4 (NASA), HadCRUT5 (Met Office Hadley Centre), NOAAGlobalTempv6 (NOAA) and Berkeley Earth.
Length of station record available in the E-OBS dataset for daily max and daily min temperatures
Stations available in the European Climate Assessment and Datasets (ECA&D) (with different lengths of records) for daily maximum and minimum temperature.
Locations of stations with temperature and precipitation data
Stations available in the European Climate Assessment and Datasets (ECA&D) (with different lengths of records) for daily mean temperature and daily precipitation amount. Green dots represent downloadable data and red dots present station used in addition in gridded products.