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Earnings, jobs and innovation: the role of recycling in a green economy
This short report explains the role of recycling in the green economy and examines the evidence of its contribution in Europe, focusing primarily on the economic benefits that recycling offers.
Resource parameters by scenario including the parameter
Resource use per person, by country, 2000 and 2007
This graph shows the resource use per person, by country in 2000 and 2007.
Selected raw materials: world use and rare earth elements, germanium and tantalum
For the graph: 2006 and projected 2030 world use of neodymium, germanium and tantalum. The technologies responsible for the growth in use of these materials by 2030 are indicated in red. For the map: The bars show estimated reserves of rare earth elements, germanium and tantalum.
Uses of resources per capita in 2000 vs 2008/2009
This figure shows the DMC per capita for the EU27 countries and selected other countries in 2000 and 2009 respectively 2008
World energy demand
Total primary energy demand by fuel type (coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydroelectric, biomass and waste, other renewable). Distinguishing 2 scenario for 2020 and 2035: IEA-450 scenario and current policies scenario.
World share of domestic extraction used, 2002
International comparison
Price of fossil fuels and metals
Fuel price index and metals price index evolution from 1980 to 2010
Relative decoupling of resource use and economic growth in the EU-15.
Environmental tax revenues by Member State and type of tax in 2005 (% of GDP)
Arctic resources
This map shows the different gas, oil, and mining resources in the Arctic. Receeding ice cover will influence accessibility to mineral and energy resources both on land and in the Continental Shelf in the future. This map also shows both existing and potential sites of mineral and energy resources in the Arctic region.
Composition of aggregated resource use (DMC), 2001
Cost of oil production
Production cost comparison between arctic oil, deep and ultra-deepwater oil, heavy oil and bitumen, conventional oil
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes, EU
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes, EU - 2010
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes, EU - 2016
Generation of waste excluding major mineral wastes, EU - 2010 and 2016
Global extraction of natural resources from ecosystems and mines, 1980 to 2005/2007
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Growths in quantities of material flow and GDP (2020/2000)
Human use of terrestrial ecosystems
Human appropriation of net primary production in percentage
Distribution of natural resources in the pan-European region for selected issues
Solar insolation, annual average
Distribution of natural resources in the pan-European region for selected issues
Major mineral fuel resources
Domestic extraction used per capita
International comparison
Emerging waste streams: Opportunities and challenges of the clean-energy transition from a circular economy perspective
Renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines, solar photovoltaic panels and batteries, are essential for Europe’s transition to climate neutrality. Deployment, maintenance and replacement of this infrastructure requires significant resources, including many substances included in the EU list of critical raw materials. Waste arising from end-of-life clean energy infrastructure is projected to grow up to 30-fold over the next 10 years, presenting significant opportunities to reduce consumption of scarce raw materials by recycling metals and other valuable resources back into production systems. Circular economy approaches such as repair and upgrading of equipment and recycling of end-of-life infrastructure can underpin the sustainability credentials of Europe’s renewable energy transition.