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Ocean acidification
Almost one quarter of human-caused carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions are absorbed by oceans, resulting in ocean acidification, i.e. a decrease in the ocean water pH. Ocean acidity has increased by approximately 30% since the pre-industrial era, corresponding to a pH decline of about 0.1 units. Further decreases in pH are projected in the future. Seawater pH has decreased from 8.11 in 1985 to 8.04 in 2024. Ocean acidification has impacts on marine organisms with its effects cascading throughout the food web, modifying ecosystem services like fisheries.