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Regional climate change and adaptation — The Alps facing the challenge of changing water resources
Drawing on the most recent knowledge of climate change impacts in the Alps and experiences across the region, this report analyses the risks that climate change presents to the region's water supply and quality, identifying needs, constraints, opportunities, policy levers and options for adaptation. It extracts policy guidance on adaptation practice and aims to assist regional and local stakeholders in developing robust adaptation strategies. The focus of the report is on water resources and related adaptation, rather than water-related extreme events like floods, avalanches, landslides or mudflows, which are already well covered by existing studies of climate change impacts in the Alps.
Share of taxes in the electricity prices paid by households in 2007
Share of taxes in the gas prices paid by households in 2007
Shortening time lapse before mass use of technological inventions
Timeline describing the ever-shortening time taken by a selection of inventions (telephone, radio, TV, Internet..) to reach a quarter of the population in the US.
The Netherlands — expenditure
The Netherlands
Total waste generation in the EU, EFTA, Turkey and Croatia in 2008 by source
This figure shows the total waste generation distribution in percentages between different sources in the EU, EFTA, Croatia and Turkey in 2008
Trends in energy efficiency, ownership, and overall electricity consumption of selected household appliances, EU-15
Water Exploitation Index (WEI)
Better information will help us adapt The Water Exploitation Index (WEI) is a good example of the type of information needed to give an overview of the scale and location of the problems facing us
Water exploitation index (WEI) — in late 1980s/early 1990s (WEI‑90) compared to latest years available (1998 to 2007)
WEI: annual total water abstraction as a percentage of available long-term freshwater resources.
Water pricing and household water use in Denmark, 1990-2005 (left) and Estonia, 1992-2004 (right)
Trend in household water use in litres per capita per day and in water price.
World share of domestic extraction used, 2002
International comparison
Odyssee energy efficiency index (ODEX) (EU-27)
For households, the ODEX is carried out at the level of 3 end-uses (heating, water heating, cooking) and 5 large appliances (refrigerators, freezers, washing machines, dishwashers and TVs)
Pressure intensity (unit pressure per Euro spent) of household consumption categories, 2005
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Conditions and pathways for sustainable and circular consumption in Europe
Unprecedented sustainability challenges from accumulating environmental and climate pressures and impacts - to a large extent caused by unsustainable consumption - require a fundamental shift in our production and consumption systems in Europe and beyond. Such a shift calls for exploring what conditions and pathways are for sustainable and circular consumption in Europe.
EU-15 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from households, compared with the number of permanently-occupied dwellings, heating degree days
EU-15 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from households, compared with the number of permanently-occupied dwellings, heating degree days
EU-15 and EU-27 CO2 emissions from households, compared with the number of permanently-occupied dwellings, heating degree days
EU-15 CO2 emissions from households compared with the number of permanently occupied dwellings, heating degree days and share of households in total GHG emissions
Left: This graph shows past (1990-2004) and projected (2010) emissions due to energy use by households and compares them with the number of permanently occupied dwellings and heating degree days Right: This graph represents the share of CO2 emissions from energy use by the residential sector in total GHG emissions in the EU-15, in 2004
Final energy consumption by sector in the Western Balkans, 1995–2005
Final energy consumption by sector in the Western Balkans, 1995–2005
Final energy consumption by sector, EU-27
Food as a share of household budget, and place of purchase, Belgrade
% change households final energy consumption per person, 1990-2005
Population as estimated on 1 January each year.
Change in municipal waste generation per capita from 1995 to 2003
International comparison
Changing household consumption patterns in EECCA
Sectors are presented in the order of the most rapidly growing.
Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15
Changing household consumption patterns in EU-10 and EU-15