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Consumption and the environment — 2012 update
Update to the European Environment State and Outlook 2010 (SOER 2010) thematic assessment
Water pricing and household water use in Spain and Estonia
(left) The graph shows the development of average prices for drinking water supply and water consumption of households in Spain. (right) The graph shows the development of average prices for water supply for human consumption in Estonia.
Trade balance for food, clothing and electric and electronic goods by weight
The graph shows the trade flows of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) products, food products and clothing between EU-27 and the rest of the world in 2012. Food trade includes live animals. Data for food refer to 2010.
Acidifying emissions induced by household consumption, per Euro spent of expenditure in 12 household consumption categories, 2000-2007
Trends in acidifying emissions induced by household consumption, per Euro of expenditure in 12 household consumption (COICOP) categories, shown for 3 years 2000, 2004 and 2007. Emissions are based on the footprint perspective and include both emissions directly emitted by households (for example by burning fuels for heating) and emissions associated with the production of goods and services purchased by households.
Tropospheric ozone precursor emissions induced by household consumption, per Euro spent of expenditure in 12 household consumption categories, 2000-2007
Trends in emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors induced by household consumption, per Euro of expenditure in 12 household consumption (COICOP) categories, shown for 3 years 2000, 2004 and 2007. Emissions are based on the footprint perspective and include both emissions directly emitted by households (for example by burning fuels for heating) and emissions associated with the production of goods and services purchased by households.
Greenhouse gas emissions induced by household consumption, per Euro spent of expenditure in 12 household consumption categories, 2000-2007
Trends in greenhouse gas emissions induced by household consumption, per Euro of expenditure in 12 household consumption (COICOP) categories, shown for 3 years 2000, 2004 and 2007. Emissions are based on the footprint perspective and include both emissions directly emitted by households (for example by burning fuels for heating) and emissions associated with the production of goods and services purchased by households.
Direct material input induced by household consumption, per Euro spent of expenditure in 12 household consumption categories, 2000-2007
Trends in Direct material input (DMI) induced by household consumption, per Euro of expenditure in 12 household consumption (COICOP) categories, shown for 3 years 2000, 2004 and 2007. Emissions are based on the footprint perspective and include both emissions directly emitted by households (for example by burning fuels for heating) and emissions associated with the production of goods and services purchased by households.
More circular economy needed to make European consumption sustainable
Unsustainable consumption in Europe and beyond is one of the main drivers of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution. According to two European Environment Agency (EEA) briefings, published today, efficiency gains in production have reduced some environmental impacts but alone they are unlikely to bring Europe’s consumption to a sustainable level. Deeper transformation of consumption patterns will be needed.
Drivers of the change in annual average energy consumption per household
Environmental footprint of household purchases of goods and services
Environmental impacts of consumption of textiles per life cycle stage
Environmental impacts of consumption of textiles per life cycle stage
Estimated greenhouse gas emissions in the upstream supply chain of EU-28 household consumption domains, 2017 indexed values with textile consumption = 100
Final energy consumption households per capita
Share of global environmental footprints caused by different household consumption categories
The graph shows the share of direct and indirect environmental pressures (footprints) caused by EU-27 household consumption expenditure on different household consumption categories. The household consumption categories are developed from the Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) single digit categories. COICOP one-digit includes12 broad categories of consumption. 3 pairs of COICOP categories (CP01& CP02; CP06 & CP10; CP07 & CP08) have been merged to give 9 categories in total. Shares are shown for 6 different environmental pressure types: GHGs, acidifying air pollutant emissions, tropospheric ozone precursors, material use, land and water.
Share of the EU-27’s environmental footprint exerted outside EU borders
Trends in absolute expenditure in household consumption categories per capita
The use of primary raw materials in the upstream supply chain of EU-28 household consumption domains, 2017 indexed values with textile consumption = 100
Environmental tax reform in Europe: implications for income distribution
Although environmental tax reforms (ETR) tend to improve incomes across society, they can have mild regressive impacts in that richer households gain more than poorer ones. Care is needed to design ETRs in ways that ensure that certain groups are able to benefit equally. ETR's overall benefits for the economy, environment and society are potentially significant. ETR should therefore be regarded as a key element in the policymaking toolkit for shifting to a green economy.