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An experimental framework for ecosystem capital accounting in Europe
This report presents an overall experimental framework for ecosystem capital accounting. It is based on the to implement simplified ecosystem capital accounts for Europe as a 'fast-track' initiative launched by the European Environment Agency in 2010. The experimental framework highlights accounting balances and relationships between accounting tables and systems as well as key indicators and aggregates that describe economy ecosystem interactions. Ecosystem accounts are being developed as part of the System of Environmental-Economic Accounts which aims at supplementing the UN System of National Accounts with information on the environment and natural capital.
Assessment of cost recovery through pricing of water
The main objective of this study is to provide practical knowledge on the current status of the implementation of key principles of Article 9 of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), and in particular on the cost‑recovery principle.
Circular economy in Europe — Developing the knowledge base
The report describes the concept of the circular economy and outlines its key characteristics. It draws attention to both the benefits and challenges in transitioning to such an economy and highlights possible ways to measure progress.
Communication, environment and behaviour
A scoping study on the links between public communication, environment policy implementation and behavioural science. In its Multiannual Work Programme 2014-2018, the EEA highlights the need for a transition towards a more sustainable society, fully aligned with the European Union’s 7th Environment Action Programme. This study explores - and aims to develop - the role of public communication to improve the implementation of environmental legislation and to contribute to this debate by bringing communications, environment and behaviour closer. It draws from other EEA work, in particular on consumption and policy evaluation where relevant.
Earnings, jobs and innovation: the role of recycling in a green economy
This short report explains the role of recycling in the green economy and examines the evidence of its contribution in Europe, focusing primarily on the economic benefits that recycling offers.
EEA Signals 2012 – Building the future we want
Signals 2012 brings together environmental issues such as sustainability, green economy, water, waste, food, governance and knowledge sharing. It is prepared in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development — Rio 2012. This year's Signals will give you a flavour of how consumers, forward-thinking businesses and policymakers can make a difference by combining new technological tools — from satellite observations to online platforms. It will also suggest creative and effective solutions to preserve the environment.
Sources of data for green economy related assessments, 257 review templates
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Total and sea freight transport demand in billion tonne‑kilometres, EU-27, 1995 to 2009
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Total turnover of recycling of seven key recyclables in the EU, 2004 and 2006–2009
'Precious metals' include silver, gold and platinum. 'Other metals' include lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, magnesium, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, niobium, rhenium, gallium, indium and cermets. * The 2009 calculation is based on the values for only the second half of 2009. Despite the huge decline in commodity prices at the beginning of 2009 due to the economic downturn, the total turnover of recyclables recovered markedly in the second half of 2009.
Trends in the use of material resources in EU-15, 1970 to 2010 (top) and EU-12, 1992 to 2010
Change 2000 to 2009 in EU-15/EU-12: Total DMC (– 9.9/+ 28.4 %); Biomass (– 2.4/+ 5.8 %); Metals (– 35.9/– 22 %); Non-metal minerals (– 13.5/+ 82.4 %); Fossil fuels (– 5.6/– 5.1%). EU-15 includes Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. EU-12 includes Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Value of EU internal and overseas trade in recyclables, 2000–2010 (*)
(*) The 2010 values are based on amounts and values for only the first half of 2010 because figures for the second half of the year were not available at the time of writing. Precious metals include silver, gold and platinum. 'Other metals' includes lead, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum, magnesium, cobalt, bismuth, cadmium, titanium, antimony, manganese, beryllium, chromium, germanium, vanadium, niobium, rhenium, gallium, indium and cermets.
Water abstractions by water use sector in the 1990s and the period 1997–2009 (latest year)
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Water exploitation index plus for river basin districts
The water exploitation index plus has been calculated as a multi-annual average per river basin district, for the years 2002-2012, as defined in ECRINS. The ECRINS delineation of river basin districts differs from those defined by Member States under the Water Framework Directive, particularly for transboundary river basin districts. Click on the "downloads and more info" button below to see the dynamic map with time slider, which provides information on water abstraction by source and water use by sector at sub-basin or river basin scale.
Water Exploitation Index plus (WEI+) for summer and Urban Morphological Zones (UMZ)
The water exploitation index plus (WEI+) compares water use against renewable water resources. The map illustrates the relation between Urban Morphological Zone and the WEI+ at the sub-basin scale for summer months (July, August and September) defined in calendar year.
Employment in the environmental goods and services sector in Europe
Employment in the EU’s environmental goods and services sector grew at a faster rate than the overall employment rate in the last decade. It increased from 2.02% of total employment in 2010 to 3.1% in 2022, with 6.67 million full-time equivalent employees in the sector. This was mainly due to the creation of jobs related to renewable energy, energy efficiency and waste management. The EU aims to accelerate the green transition of its economy and become carbon neutral by 2050. This is expected to boost jobs in the EU’s green economy in the coming years and further increase the share of green employment in the EU economy.
Patent registration trends for the top seven origins
The graph shows the total number of patent applications to the European Patent Office, aggregated for all countries of the world, for environment-related categories.
Percentage of assessments covering green economy priority areas, review templates
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Percentage of assessments covering resource efficiency priority areas, review templates - eps file
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Development of municipal waste management in the EU-27, 1995–2010
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Persons employed in recycling activities in the EU (*), Norway and Switzerland per million inhabitants, 2000–2007
(*) Data are missing for some countries in years between 2000 and 2007. The countries whose data are missing are listed in ETC/SCP, 2011.
Policymaking cycles considered in green economy related assessments, 257 review templates
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Price development of plastic, paper and glass waste
This figure shows the development in unit price on a monthly basis of plastic, paper and glass waste from January 2000 to December 2011. The prices are calculated as weighted averages of a number of sub waste fractions for export both within and out of the EU.
Recycling's current and potential contribution (*) to meeting EU demand for various materials, 2006
(*) The current and potential contribution figures are both based on the infrastructure available in 2006. Future changes in collection rates, improved recycling structures and market conditions could significantly influence the potential contribution figures.
Gross value added of the environmental goods and services sector in Europe
The environmental goods and services sector contribution to the European Union economy, in terms of value added, increased from 2.1% in 2010 to 3.3% in 2022, reaching EUR 601 billion in 2025 prices. This rise was mainly caused by significant increases in environmental economy activities related to renewable energy production, energy efficiency, and waste management. The EU aims to achieve a green transition and carbon-neutral economy by 2050. This requires further significant increases in environmental economy activities.
Employment in the environmental goods and services sector as a share of total employment, by EU Member States, 2014 and 2021
The figure shows employment in the environmental goods and services sector as a share of total employment. Data is shown for 2014 and 2021, in the EU-27 and member states