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Six years of decoupling
Includes passenger-km from cars, trains, buses and aircraft
Top-down decomposition analysis of total GHG emission trends in the EU, 1990–2008
Each bar shows the contribution of a single driver on GHG emission trends during a determined period. The thick short black lines indicate the combined effect of all emission drivers, i.e. the overall GHG emission trend during the period considered.
Top: GDP Map (the territory size shows the proportion of worldwide wealth measured as GDP, based on exchange rates with the USD, that is found there) Bottom: Total GDP in the pan-European region and the rest of the world in 2005 (based on constant 2000 USD)
GDP = gross domestic product
Total waste and plastic packaging waste generation versus GDP in EU-27
Travel and tourism GDP as percentage of national GDP
Trends in population-weighted average annual concentrations of PM2.5 in the most disadvantaged and least disadvantaged quintiles of EU-27 NUTS 3 regions, 2007-2019
The graph represents the trend of annual average annual concentrations of particles of a diameter of less than 2.5 microns in ambient air concentration, weighted by population, by year and for the entire EU, for the richest quintile (top 20% in terms of GDP, gross domestic product, per capita) and the poorest quintile (bottom 20% in terms of GDP per capita). In the graph, one can see that both the richest regions and the poorest regions in the EU are improving their air quality (i.e. PM₂.₅ concentrations are decreasing), but the richest are doing so from lower starting levels and significantly faster than the poorest.
Trends in the use of material resources in EU-15 and EU-12 and municipal waste generation in EU‑27 compared with GDP and population
These graphs show the trends in the use of material resources in EU-15 and EU-12 and municipal waste generation in EU‑27 compared with GDP and population.
OECD country municipal waste generation, 1980-2030
Population and GDP per capita in OECD and Developing countries, 2002
Population and GDP per capita in OECD and Developing countries, 2002
Projected percentage change in GDP per capita from 2005 to 2030
International comparisons
Environmental protection expenditure by institutional sector in the period 2018-2022, EU–27
Examples of areas with high GDP density values included in mountain massifs in Italy and Germany
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Freight transport volumes grow along with GDP
Note: The decoupling columns displayed in the chart represent annual decoupling
Freight transport volumes grow along with GDP
GDP is in euro at constant 1995 prices
GDP per capita growth by region, 1990-2005 (see Annex 3 for international comparison)
GDP per km2, 1996
GDP projections, 2005 to 2030
GDP=Gross Domestic Product
GHG emission intensity of European economies (GHG emissions per GDP) in 2008 and changes in economic intensity, 1990–2008
The left graph uses GDP at market prices, current prices, converted to PPS (purchasing power standard), which allows meaningful volume comparisons of GDP across European countries and benchmark country performance in a particular year. The right graph refers to GDP at constant market prices, which allows consistent GDP time series in a particular country.
Change in total final energy intensity
a) Freight transport demand and GDP (EU) and b) freight transport per unit of GDP by country
Total EU freight transport (tonne-km) includes road, rail, inland waterways, short-sea shipping and oil pipelines
Correlation in growth of passenger transport vs GDP growth
The figure shows the correlation between growth in the economy and growth in passenger transport
Correlation of growth of freight transport vs GDP growth
The figure shows the correlation between growth in the economy and growth in freight transport
Development of passenger transport volume and GDP in Germany
The figure illustrates the unique example of a decrease in German passenger transport volumes in spite of continued, albeit modest, economic growth.