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Consumption and the environment — 2012 update
Update to the European Environment State and Outlook 2010 (SOER 2010) thematic assessment
Energy and environment report 2008
Revenue from environmental taxes as a share (%) of total tax revenue, including social security contributions, by EU Member State, 2010 and 2021
Environmental tax revenues
Environmental tax revenues
Environmental tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland
Environmental tax revenues as a percentage of GDP in EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland - Bar
Environmental tax reform in Europe: implications for income distribution
Although environmental tax reforms (ETR) tend to improve incomes across society, they can have mild regressive impacts in that richer households gain more than poorer ones. Care is needed to design ETRs in ways that ensure that certain groups are able to benefit equally. ETR's overall benefits for the economy, environment and society are potentially significant. ETR should therefore be regarded as a key element in the policymaking toolkit for shifting to a green economy.
Environmental tax reform in Europe: opportunities for eco-innovation
Environmental policy instruments are frequently characterised as obstacles to economic activity but environmental taxes can, in fact, be the opposite — serving as catalysts for the creativity that underpins thriving economies.
Environmental taxation and EU environmental policies
This report does three things. It provides an overview of market‑based instruments (MBIs) established by EU environmental legislation. Then it explains the established definitions and rationales for the application of environmental taxes and discusses their current design and application in EEA member countries. It concludes with overall findings and some reflections on the potential for long-term tax-shifting programmes in the context of policy targets as well as technological innovation and demographic changes.
Fiscal instruments favouring electric over conventional cars are greener
Financial incentives and taxes set by countries can encourage consumers to buy passenger cars with lower carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An increase in the uptake of electric vehicles reduces emissions of CO2 and air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Examples from a number of countries show that this uptake can be enhanced by well-designed incentives and taxes. In contrast, tax schemes that promote conventional cars labelled as cleaner do not always result in reduced emissions.