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Consumption and the environment — 2012 update
Update to the European Environment State and Outlook 2010 (SOER 2010) thematic assessment
EEA Signals 2012 – Building the future we want
Signals 2012 brings together environmental issues such as sustainability, green economy, water, waste, food, governance and knowledge sharing. It is prepared in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development — Rio 2012. This year's Signals will give you a flavour of how consumers, forward-thinking businesses and policymakers can make a difference by combining new technological tools — from satellite observations to online platforms. It will also suggest creative and effective solutions to preserve the environment.
Plastic in textiles: towards a circular economy for synthetic textiles in Europe
Plastic-based — or ‘synthetic’— textiles are woven into our daily lives in Europe. They are in the clothes we wear, the towels we use and the bed sheets we sleep in. They are in the carpets, curtains and cushions we decorate our homes and offices with. And they are in safety belts, and car tyres, workwear and sportswear. Synthetic textile fibres are produced from fossil fuel resources, such as oil and natural gas. Their production, consumption and related waste handling generate greenhouse gas emissions, use non-renewable resources and can release microplastics. This briefing provides an overview of the synthetic textile economy in Europe, analyses environmental and climate impacts, and highlights the potential for developing a circular economy value chain.
Relative pressure intensities (unit pressure per Euro of spending) of household consumption categories averaged across 9 EU countries, 2005
This figure compares the environmental pressure intensity of 12 different household consumption categories as defined by COICOP nomenclature i.e. the environmental pressure implications of spending one Euro on a given household consumption category compared to the average Euro spent by households. The pressures caused by household consumption categories include both direct and indirect pressures. Direct pressures are those released during consumption of goods and services i.e. emissions to air from cars and from burning fuels in households for heating, cooking etc. Indirect pressures caused by consumption comprise all pressures released along the production chains of consumed goods. Includes goods produced domestically and imported goods. 4 environmental pressure intensities are included – greenhouse gas emissions per Euro; acidification emissions per Euro; tropospheric ozone precursors per Euro and material consumption per Euro.
Renewable electricity as a percentage of gross electricity consumption, 2003
The renewable electricity directive (EC, 2001a) defines renewable electricity as the share of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in total electricity consumption
Residential heat consumption, EU-15
Share of electricity consumption in final energy consumption by region in 2004 and projections for 2030
International comparison
Share of final energy and electricity consumption by sector in 2003, EU-25
Mtoe means million tonnes of oil equivalent; TWh means Terrawatt hours.
Shares of renewable energy sources in total energy consumption and in total electricity consumption, 1992-2004
Shortening time lapse before mass use of technological inventions
Timeline describing the ever-shortening time taken by a selection of inventions (telephone, radio, TV, Internet..) to reach a quarter of the population in the US.
Slowdown of urban growth
Historical trends and projections by world regions (1950- 2050) of urban growth rate showing a clear slowdown for all regions
The changing distribution of middle class consumption
The left panel of the figure shows the average middle class consumption per capita for selected world regions/countries. Middle class is defined as people living in households earning and spending between 10 and 100 per person per day (2005 US dollars, in purchasing power parity).
The Jevons paradox for energy consumption in the EU-27, 1995-2019
The chart shows how primary energy consumption in the EU-27 has not changed substantially in the period indicated in the chart, despite a fast-paced reduction in energy intensity of the economy, as a result of the Jevons paradox.
The Netherlands — expenditure
The Netherlands
Total energy consumption and total electricity consumption
Total energy consumption (also called total primary energy supply or gross inland energy consumption) represents the quantity of all energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption
Total energy consumption by fuel, 1992-2004
Total energy consumption by fuel, EU-25
Total energy consumption by fuel in the EU-25
Total energy consumption by fuel source, projections 2004-2030
Total energy consumption per capita and final energy consumption per capita in 2004 and projections of 2030
International comparison
Total energy consumption, projections 2004-2030 (index 100 = 2004)
This figure shows the projections for total energy consumption (see note for definition) in OECD Europe and transition economies
Transport energy consumption per capita by region 1993 and 2004
Trends and outlooks in transport demand for the different modes of transport, EU-25, 1990-2030
The figure shows past (from 1990) and projected (until 2030) values for passenger transport demand within the EU-25. Results are presented both in absolute numbers (per category values for different means of transport summing up to total annual passenger transport demand in Gpkm for the years 1990-2030) and their respective percentage share of total passenger transport demand in Gpkm.
Trends in appliance energy efficiency and ownership in households, EU-27
A time series of the available stock of three household appliances in EU27 compared to the specific energy consumption of those appliances and the total electricity consumption of households
Trends in heating energy consumption and energy efficiency of housing, EU-27
Time series of the growth in floor area of housing in EU27 coupled with the energy demands for space heating per dwelling, per m2 and total.