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Adaptation challenges and opportunities for the European energy system

This report explores the historical trends, most recent progress and projected future progress on climate change mitigation through reduced GHG emissions, renewable energy gains and improved energy efficiency. It builds upon data reported by the EU-27 Member States, five EEA member countries and nine Contracting Parties of the Energy Community.

Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2016

This report is an indicator-based assessment of past and projected climate change and its impacts on ecosystems and society. It also looks at society’s vulnerability to these impacts and at the development of adaptation policies and the underlying knowledge base. This is the fourth ‘Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe’ report, which is published every four years. This edition aims to support the implementation and review process of the 2013 EU Adaptation Strategy, which is foreseen for 2018, and the development of national and transnational adaptation strategies and plans.

Climate change as a threat to health and well-being in Europe: focus on heat and infectious diseases

This report draws on knowledge developed for the European Climate and Health Observatory. It focuses on the impact high temperatures are having on the population, as well as another emerging threat: the spread of climate-sensitive infectious diseases.

Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012

This European Environment Agency (EEA) report presents information on past and projected climate change and related impacts in Europe, based on a range of indicators. The report also assesses the vulnerability of society, human health and ecosystems in Europe and identifies those regions in Europe most at risk from climate change. Furthermore, the report discusses the principle sources of uncertainty for the indicators and notes how monitoring and scenario development can improve our understanding of climate change, its impacts and related vulnerabilities.

Environment and health

Progress towards halting the loss of biodiversity by 2010

This report assesses farmland, forests, freshwater ecosystems, marine and coastal systems, wetlands of international importance and mountain ecosystems in order to provide evidence of progress — or lack of progress — towards the 2010 target of halting the loss of biodiversity.

Energy and environment report 2008

1.4 Water and climate impacts

This briefing provides a European overview of droughts, water scarcity and floods. It emphasises the importance of water resilience in response to human-induced pressures and the escalating risks of climate change impacts. It uses data reported under the Water Framework Directive and WISE SoE dataflows, EEA indicators and assessments such as the European Climate Risk Assessment (EUCRA) . These datasets help define past trends in water scarcity and flooding, which provide a baseline for the outlook and prospects for achieving a water-resilient Europe.

1.5 Ecosystems and climate impacts

This briefing covers how climate change neagtively impacts ecosystems in Europe. Many ecosystems across Europe are already in a bad state (see briefing 1.1 State of Europe’s biodiversity ) and their deterioration is further exacerbated by climate change. Ecosystem status ( briefing 1.1 State of Europe’s biodiversity ), water and climate impacts ( briefing 1.4 Water and climate impacts ), and managing climate risks to society ( briefing 2.7 Climate risks to society ) are covered in other briefings.

1.7 Soil resources

Soils play a key role in our environment's functioning. This briefing considers the latest soils condition in Europe assessment . Healthy soils filter unwanted substances and buffer against chemical degradation. They also store and provide important nutrients as well as water. Soils are host to a huge diversity of organisms, acting as engines for ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling and carbon storage. These functions are crucial for food security, biodiversity and climate change mitigation.

2.9 Governance of climate change mitigation and adaptation

Climate governance, for the purposes of this briefing, refers to the framework and mechanisms designed to set targets or objectives, and plan and monitor progress towards them. This briefing provides an overview of European-level climate governance to achieve a climate-neutral and resilient Europe. This is interconnected with international and sub-national governance efforts. It strongly focuses on climate policy frameworks in Europe, and the EEA member and cooperating countries.

Trend in heating degree days in the EU-27

The map shows the trend in heating degree days in the EU-27 (1980-2009)

Trends in warm days and cool nights across Europe

Warm days are defined as being above the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature and cool nights as below the 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature (Alexander et al., 2006). Grid boxes outlined in solid black contain at least three stations and so are likely to be more representative of the grid-box. High confidence in the long-term trend is shown by a black dot. (In the maps above, this is the case for all grid boxes.) Area averaged annual time series of percentage changes and trend lines are shown below each map for one area in northern Europe (green line, 5.6 ° to 16.9 °E and 56.2 ° to 66.2 °N) and one in south-western Europe (purple line, 350.6 ° to 1.9 °E and 36.2 ° to 43.7 °N).

Observed change in duration of lake and river ice cover

Ice break-up dates and freezing dates of a) Danube River, at Budapest, 1876–2011 (5-year running average) and b) Lake Kallavesi, Finland, 1833–2011.

Urban flooding — impervious surfaces reduce the drainage of rain water and increase the risk for urban flooding

The map shows the average soil sealing degree inside the UMZ of European core cities (core city defined in Urban Atlas / Urban Audit). Soil sealing degrees are represented in coloured dots. The city dots are overlaid onto a modelled map displaying the change in annual number of days with heavy rainfall between the reference periods 1961-1990 and 2071-2100.

Percentage of the urban area that would be flooded — share of cities per class per country

The diagram shows the proportion of cities per country that fall in a particular class regarding the percentage of potentially flooded area.

Projected changes in fire danger

Fire danger is expressed by the Seasonal Severity Rating (SSR). Based on projections by the Regional Climate Model (RCM) RACMO2 driven by the Global Climate Model (GCM) ECHAM5 for the SRES A1B emission scenario. Left: projected change in SSR by 2071–2100 as compared to 1961–1990 baseline period; Right: projected annual average SSR in 2071–2100.

Extreme weather in a changing climate: Is Europe prepared?

With European countries facing another year of damaging heatwaves, drought and other extreme weather events, how prepared and resilient are they to handle these events? A new interactive European Environment Agency (EEA) product published today looks at key climate change impacts and adaptation and preparedness actions.

An ithir agus an t-athrú aeráide

Gné thábhachtach — agus gné a ndéantar faillí uirthi go minic — den chóras aeráide is ea an ithir. Tá sí ar an dara stóras carbóin, nó ‘linn’, is mó, i ndiaidh na n-aigéan. Trí athchóiriú a dhéanamh ar éiceachórais thábhachtacha ar thalamh, agus trí úsáid inbhuanaithe a bhaint as an talamh i gceantair uirbeacha agus i gceantair thuaithe, d’fhéadfadh sé go gcabhrófaí linn an t-athrú aeráide a mhaolú agus oiriúnú dó.

An t-athrú aeráide agus na farraigí

Tá na haigéin ag éirí níos teo de bharr an athraithe aeráide, rud is cúis le haigéadú timpeallachtaí mara agus athrú ar phatrúin fliuchrais. Is minic a chuireann an teaglaim tosca sin leis an drochthionchar a imríonn brúnna eile de dhéantús an duine ar na farraigí, rud is cúis le cailliúint bithéagsúlachta sna haigéin.

An t-athrú aeráide agus an talmhaíocht

Bíonn tionchar ag an talmhaíocht ar an athrú aeráide agus bíonn tionchar ag an athrú aeráide ar an talmhaíocht chomh maith. Ní mór don AE a astaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa ón talmhaíocht a laghdú agus a chóras táirgthe bia a oiriúnú chun dul i ngleic leis an athrú aeráide. Agus an t-éileamh ar acmhainní ag dul i méid ar domhan agus iomaíocht níos mó ann ina dtaobh, ní mór féachaint ar tháirgeadh bia agus tomhaltas bia an AE i gcomhthéacs níos leithne, lena ndéantar an talmhaíocht, fuinneamh, agus slándáil bia a nascadh.

Изменението на климата и моретата

Изменението на климата затопля океаните, като предизвиква подкиселяване на морската среда и променя режима на валежите. Това съчетание от фактори често изостря въздействията на други форми на човешкия натиск върху моретата, водейки до загуба на биологично разнообразие в океаните.

Изменението на климата и селското стопанство

Селското стопанство, от една страна, допринася за изменението на климата, а от друга, е засегнато от това изменение. ЕС трябва да намали своите емисии на парникови газове от селското стопанство и да адаптира системата си за производство на храни към изменението на климата. Изправени пред нарастващо глобално търсене и засилваща се конкуренция за ресурси, производството и потреблението на храни в ЕС трябва да се разглежда в по-широк контекст, съчетаващ селското стопанство, енергетиката и продоволствената сигурност.

Почвата и изменението на климата

Почвата е важен — и често пренебрегван — елемент от климатичната система. Тя е вторият по-големина резервоар, или „ абсорбатор“, на въглерод след океаните. Възстановяването на основни екосистеми на сушата и устойчивото използване на земята в градските и селските райони може да ни помогне да смекчим изменението на климата и да се адаптираме към него.

Půda a změna klimatu

Půda je důležitý a často opomíjený prvek klimatického systému. Po oceánech je druhým největším místem ukládání nebo zachycování skleníkových plynů. Obnova klíčových suchozemských ekosystémů a udržitelné využívání půdy v městských a venkovských oblastech umožňuje zmírňovat změnu klimatu a přizpůsobovat se jí.