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Adaptation in Europe - Addressing risks and opportunities from climate change in the context of socio-economic developments
This report provides policymakers across Europe, at different levels of governance and stages of policy formulation, with information that can be used to support adaptation planning and implementation. Specific parts of the report are therefore targeted at different audiences.
Adaptation of transport to climate change in Europe
Challenges and options across transport modes and stakeholders. This report explores current climate change adaptation practices concerning transport across European countries. It provides an overview on the challenges and state adaptation action, a review of a number of initiatives in different countries, and conclusions on a potential way forward. Its purpose is to stimulate discussions among the many different stakeholders concerned with transport adaptation. Opening the perspective on the transport system and sector as a whole should inspire and encourage learning from practices across modes and areas of responsibility and support efforts to mainstream adaptation within transport-related policy and practices. The factual information collected is based on data available in the Climate-ADAPT information platform, a literature review, case studies provided by many stakeholders, and a questionnaire on transport and adaptation addressed to EEA member countries in 2013.
Regional climate change and adaptation — The Alps facing the challenge of changing water resources
Drawing on the most recent knowledge of climate change impacts in the Alps and experiences across the region, this report analyses the risks that climate change presents to the region's water supply and quality, identifying needs, constraints, opportunities, policy levers and options for adaptation. It extracts policy guidance on adaptation practice and aims to assist regional and local stakeholders in developing robust adaptation strategies. The focus of the report is on water resources and related adaptation, rather than water-related extreme events like floods, avalanches, landslides or mudflows, which are already well covered by existing studies of climate change impacts in the Alps.
Climate change as a threat to health and well-being in Europe: focus on heat and infectious diseases
This report draws on knowledge developed for the European Climate and Health Observatory. It focuses on the impact high temperatures are having on the population, as well as another emerging threat: the spread of climate-sensitive infectious diseases.
Assessing the costs and benefits of climate change adaptation
Climate change is happening. To reduce its economic impact, adaptation and mitigation actions are urgently needed. Decision-makers need to understand their benefits and costs compared to not acting at all. This briefing summarises the main assessment concepts, key methods and related challenges and constraints, and provides practical examples of approaches relevant to the EU.
Reported effectiveness of horizontal coordination mechanisms in national adaptation policy processes, relative to stages of adaptation policy process (Questions 12 and 13; 29 responding countries)
The graph combines information on countries' perceptions on the effectiveness of their horizontal coordination mechanism together with information on the stage of their adaptation policy process. Bubble sizes indicate the number of countries in a given stage of adaptation policy process with a similar perception of the effectiveness of their horizontal coordination mechanism.
Reported effectiveness of vertical coordination mechanisms in national adaptation policy processes, relative to stages of adaptation policy process (Questions 12 and 14; 29 responding countries)
The graph combines information on countries' perceptions on the effectiveness of their vertical coordination mechanism together with information on the stage of their adaptation policy process. Bubbles indicate the number of countries in a given stage of adaptation policy process with a similar perception of the effectiveness of their vertical coordination mechanism
Role of transport in national adaptation strategies and plans
At least 21 EEA member countries have developed national adaptation strategies (NAS) or plans and that such strategies are under development in at least five additional countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Italy and Liechtenstein). The transport sector is specifically addressed in most of those strategies and plans with some detail (including countries such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland and United Kingdom)
Socio-economic projections for the European Union
Top: Projected GDP (PPP); middle: Projected total population; bottom: Projected population over 65 years old.
Spanish and Portuguese signatories of the Covenant of Mayors and Mayors Adapt
Cities around Europe have begun to actively integrate adaptation needs in coastal zone management. They are bringing together sectors and interests that have traditionally operated separately, for example in Lithuania, Northern Ireland and Spain. Bologna, Italy, provides an example of a broad range of public and private stakeholders collaborating in urban planning to support resilience.
Temporal development of the number of species of each biogeographical affinity group (top) and of the ratio between Lusitanian and Boreal species with sea surface temperature (bottom) by marine region
The charts show: Top figures: the temporal development in the number of species of each biogeographical affinity group (Atlantic, Boreal, Lusitania and Unknown) by marine region (Greater North Sea, Baltic Sea, Celtic Seas and Bay of Biscay and the Iberian Coast). Bottom figures: the temporal development of the ratio between Lusitanian and Boreal species and sea surface temperature by marine region to investigate correlations.
Temporal development of the ratio of the number of Lusitanian species to the number of Boreal species
The maps show the temporal development of the ratio between the number of warm-favouring (Lusitanian) fish species and the number of cool-favouring (Boreal) fish species by The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) statistical area in 8-year intervals from 1982 to 2022.
Total precipitation year
Total precipitation represents the total amount of precipitation over a given period (e.g., whole year or a season).
Warmest three-day mean temperature
The warmest three-day mean temperature is the highest daily mean temperature in a year averaged over a three-day window. In variations of this index, the length of the time window over which the moving average of temperature is computed could vary depending on the specific application.
Observed climate zones in the period 1975-1995 (left) and 1996-2016 (right)
Northward shift of agro-climate zones in Europe analysed over the past 40 years and under future climate conditions for the next decades.
Participation of 650 European cities in European and global city initiatives related to adaptation
The map list the number of European and international initiatives with a relation to climate-change adaptation in which cities are envolved. These initiatives are Mayors Adapt/Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy, the Compact of Mayors, C40 with adaptation action, Making Cities Resilient (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, UNISDR), the European Green Capital Award, European Green Leaf and Rockefeller 100 resilient cities initiative.
Europe’s changing climate hazards — about the report
Europe’s changing climate hazards report lets users explore the latest data on 32 climate hazard indices. It provides the big picture and also the detailed information needed for smarter decision-making to prevent the worst impacts of climate change from affecting communities and regions across Europe. Here, we show how information can help Europe tackle the hazards created by man-made climate change.
Areas of concern - extreme weather events
Area of concern - extreme weather events in 2018 (left). Precipitation deviation during summer 2018 compared to period 1981-2010 (right)
Extreme weather events in Europe from March to April 2017
Apples production in Slovneia in tonnes (left) and area of concern -extreme weather events March - April 2017 (right)
Investigated sites for Water Footprint calculation across European regions
Variability in the Water Footprint of arable crop production across European regions
Yield change for 2018 compared to period 2013-2017
The maps show yield forecasts for wheat, barley, and grain maize in Europe for 2018 and if the expected yields are lower, higher or similar to 5-year average.
Areas of concern - extreme weather events
Area of concern - extreme weather events in 2018 (left). Precipitation deviation during summer 2018 compared to period 1981-2010 (right)
Extreme weather events in Europe from March to April 2017
Apples production in Slovneia in tonnes (left) and area of concern -extreme weather events March - April 2017 (right)
Investigated sites for Water Footprint calculation across European regions
Variability in the Water Footprint of arable crop production across European regions
Yield change for 2018 compared to period 2013-2017
The maps show yield forecasts for wheat, barley, and grain maize in Europe for 2018 and if the expected yields are lower, higher or similar to 5-year average.