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1.2 Pollution of ecosystems
This briefing evaluates Europe’s progress towards making terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems free from pollution. It uses past trends in EU level indicators and assessments of chemical pollution, eutrophication, plastic pollution and noise pollution to develop an outlook and outline prospects of achieving forthcoming EU policy targets.
Status of marine fish and shellfish stocks in European seas
Persistent overfishing threatens Europe’s marine ecosystems, food security and biodiversity. While the EU's integrated approach to managing fisheries has recovered some stocks, the overall situation remains critical. Only 28% of assessed stocks are sustainably fished and in good biological condition, with clear regional disparities. These conditions are met by 41% of stocks in the North-East Atlantic and Baltic Seas, compared to 9% in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The EU's aim to restore healthy fish populations and ensure sustainable use have not been achieved, highlighting the need for urgent action.
Hazardous substances in marine organisms in Europe's seas
Hazardous substances are polluting Europe's seas, posing risks to ecosystems and human health. Nine hazardous substances were assessed in mussels and oysters between 2010 and 2022. Exceedance of safe limits was observed for benzo[a]pyrene, lindane (y-HCH), and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB). Available time trends show that regions with improving (decreasing) concentrations are more prevalent than deteriorating ones. Therefore, further actions are essential to meeting the targets outlined in both the Marine Strategy Framework Directive and the Zero Pollution Action Plan.