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Oxygen consuming substances in European rivers
In European rivers, oxygen consuming substances decreased over the period 1992 to 2023, which is a consequence of the improvement in wastewater treatment. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) fell to half of the 1992 level, but has been fluctuating at 2.0-2.2mgO 2 /l since 2010. Ammonium concentrations fell to 20% of the 1992 level and have stabilised at less than 0.08mgNH 4 -N/l in the past few years. The economic crisis in central and eastern European countries during the 1990s also contributed to decreasing pollution from manufacturing industries.