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You are here: Home / Publications / Managing municipal solid waste - a review of achievements in 32 European countries

Managing municipal solid waste - a review of achievements in 32 European countries


EEA Report No 2/2013
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Improved waste management is an essential element in efforts to make Europe more resource efficient. One key means of achieving that is by shifting waste management up the waste hierarchy. In recent years these important goals have been integrated into European environmental policy. But national efforts to shift up the waste hierarchy have been under way for longer. Together, these instruments establish a range of waste management targets and broader goals for the years to 2020.

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  • EEA (European Environment Agency)
  • Published: Mar 19, 2013

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Figures used

Municipal waste recycling rates in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Municipal waste recycling rates in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 The total recycling of municipal waste stated in percentage of the generated amount
Yearly average percentage point increase in total recycling of municipal waste, 2001–2005 and 2006–2010 Yearly average percentage point increase in total recycling of municipal waste, 2001–2005 and 2006–2010 Yearly average percentage point increase in total recycling of municipal waste, 2001–2005 and 2006–2010
Bio-waste recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Bio-waste recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Bio-waste recycling in 32 European countries as a percentage of total municipal waste generated in 2001 and 2010
Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in 2006, 2009 and 2010 compared with the amount generated in 1995 — countries with derogation periods Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in 2006, 2009 and 2010 compared with the amount generated in 1995 — countries with derogation periods Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in each European country with derogation periods for fulfilling the BMW diversion targets of the EU Landfill Directive, compared with the amount generated in 1995. The general derogation is a four year period implying that the countries have to fulfill the targets by 2010, 2013 and 2020 in stead of by 2006, 2009 and 2016. Some countries have diverting derogations periods: Ireland: derogation only for the 2006 and 2009 targets, to be met 2010 and 2013. Portugal: derogation only for the 2009 and 2016 targets, to be met in 2013 and 2020. Slovenia: derogation only for the 2016 target, to be met by 2020. Croatia must meet the targets by 2013, 2016 and 2020.
GHG emissions from municipal waste management in the EU, Switzerland and Norway GHG emissions from municipal waste management in the EU, Switzerland and Norway This figure shows the GHG emissions associated with municipal waste management for the EU-27 (without Cyprus) plus Norway and Switzerland, differentiated according to the contribution of specific waste treatment paths. The GHG emissions are calculated using a life-cycle approach. In order to see the overall effect of waste management, the avoided emissions (counted as negative values) are plotted with the direct emissions, giving the net greenhouse gas emissions from MSW management in European countries (the black line).
Progress of European countries up the recycling hierarchy (material and bio-waste recycling), 2001–2010 Progress of European countries up the recycling hierarchy (material and bio-waste recycling), 2001–2010 The number of countries achieving defined intervals of total recycling in 2001 and 2010.
Municipal waste landfilling rates in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Municipal waste landfilling rates in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Percentage of municipal waste landfilled in each European country, 2001 and 2010
Development of municipal waste management in 32 European countries, 2001–2010 Development of municipal waste management in 32 European countries, 2001–2010 The amount of municipal waste related to treatment in million tonnes
Material recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Material recycling as a percentage of municipal waste generation in 32 European countries, 2001 and 2010 Material recycling in 32 European countries as a percentage of total municipal waste generated in 2001 and 2010.
Regional recycling rates for municipal solid waste, 2008/2009 Regional recycling rates for municipal solid waste, 2008/2009 -
Number of countries at different levels of the municipal waste management hierarchy, 2001 and 2010 Number of countries at different levels of the municipal waste management hierarchy, 2001 and 2010 The number of countries achieving defined levels of MSW management in 2001 and 2010. Countries > 25% recycling, > 25% incineration, > 50% landfilling and >75% landfilling. Each country can be included in several waste management categories. Therefore, the total number of countries is greater than 32.
Municipal waste generated per capita in 2001 and 2010 Municipal waste generated per capita in 2001 and 2010 The amount of municipal solid waste generated per capita in kilogramme
Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in 2006, 2009 and 2010 compared with the amount generated in 1995 — countries without derogation periods Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in 2006, 2009 and 2010 compared with the amount generated in 1995 — countries without derogation periods Percentage of biodegradable municipal waste landfilled in 2006, 2009 and 2010 compared with the amount generated in 1995 — countries without derogation periods
Average annual percentage point increase needed in 32 European countries to reach 50 % recycling by 2020 and past rates achieved Average annual percentage point increase needed in 32 European countries to reach 50 % recycling by 2020 and past rates achieved The yearly average percentage point increase required by each country between 2010 and 2020 to reach the 50 % target and compared with the rates achieved in 2001–2006 and 2001–2010.
Progress of European countries up the municipal bio-waste recycling hierarchy, 2001–2010 Progress of European countries up the municipal bio-waste recycling hierarchy, 2001–2010 Number of countries per defined intervals of bio-waste recycling of MSW management in 2001 and 2010.
Typical charge (gate fee and landfill tax) for legal landfilling of non-hazardous municipal waste in EU Member States and regions Typical charge (gate fee and landfill tax) for legal landfilling of non-hazardous municipal waste in EU Member States and regions -
Progress of European countries up the material recycling hierarchy, 2001–2010 Progress of European countries up the material recycling hierarchy, 2001–2010 Number of countries per defined intervals of material recycling of MSW management in 2001 and 2010.
Regional variation in municipal waste recycling rate in 13 countries, 2008/2009 Regional variation in municipal waste recycling rate in 13 countries, 2008/2009 The variation bar shows the highest and lowest regional recycling level within each country.
National reporting of the relative level of material-recycled municipal waste and recycled packaging waste (EU-27 and Norway, 2009) National reporting of the relative level of material-recycled municipal waste and recycled packaging waste (EU-27 and Norway, 2009) The figure illustrates the relation between reported amounts of recycled packaging waste and recycled municipal waste and groups the countries into four categories.

News about this publication

In Austria e Germania i livelli più alti di riciclo, il Regno Unito e l’Irlanda mostrano invece l’incremento più rapido In Austria e Germania i livelli più alti di riciclo, il Regno Unito e l’Irlanda mostrano invece l’incremento più rapido Nel 2010 Austria, Germania e Belgio hanno riciclato la proporzione più alta di rifiuti urbani in Europa ma, anche se diversi paesi hanno incrementato rapidamente i livelli di riciclo, l’Europa spreca ancora ingenti quantità di risorse preziose conferendole in discarica, e molti paesi rischiano di venir meno agli obiettivi di riciclo legalmente vincolanti.
Østerrike og Tyskland best på resirkulering, men Storbritannia og Irland øker mest Østerrike og Tyskland best på resirkulering, men Storbritannia og Irland øker mest Østerrike, Tyskland og Belgia hadde høyest resirkuleringsgrad for kommunalt avfall i hele Europa i 2010. Selv om en del land har hatt en kraftig økning i resirkuleringsgrad, sløser vi i Europa fortsatt bort store mengder verdifulle ressurser ved å deponere avfall på fyllplassene, og mange land risikerer å ikke klare å oppfylle sine juridisk bindende resirkuleringsmål.
Höchste Recyclingraten in Österreich und Deutschland – das Vereinigte Königreich und Irland holen jedoch am schnellsten auf Höchste Recyclingraten in Österreich und Deutschland – das Vereinigte Königreich und Irland holen jedoch am schnellsten auf Österreich, Deutschland und Belgien haben im Jahr 2010 in Europa am meisten Siedlungsabfall recycelt. Wenngleich einige Länder schnell ansteigende Recyclingraten verzeichnen, verschwendet Europa durch die Entsorgung über Abfalldeponien noch immer enorme Mengen wertvoller Ressourcen. Außerdem laufen viele Länder Gefahr, die gesetzlich festgelegten Recyclingziele nicht zu erreichen.
L’Allemagne et l’Autriche affichent les taux de recyclage les plus élevés, mais c’est au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande que ce taux augmente le plus rapidement L’Allemagne et l’Autriche affichent les taux de recyclage les plus élevés, mais c’est au Royaume-Uni et en Irlande que ce taux augmente le plus rapidement L’Autriche, l’Allemagne et la Belgique sont les pays européens qui ont recyclé la plus grande proportion de leurs déchets municipaux en 2010. Bien que dans certains pays, le taux de recyclage ait augmenté à un rythme élevé, l’Europe continue de gâcher des volumes importants de ressources précieuses en les envoyant en décharge et de nombreux pays risquent de ne pas atteindre les objectifs de recyclage auxquels la législation les contraint.
Η Αυστρία και η Γερμανία παρουσιάζουν τα υψηλότερα ποσοστά ανακύκλωσης, ενώ το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο και η Ιρλανδία σημειώνουν τον υψηλότερο ρυθμό αύξησης της ανακύκλωσης Η Αυστρία και η Γερμανία παρουσιάζουν τα υψηλότερα ποσοστά ανακύκλωσης, ενώ το Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο και η Ιρλανδία σημειώνουν τον υψηλότερο ρυθμό αύξησης της ανακύκλωσης Η Αυστρία, η Γερμανία και το Βέλγιο ανακύκλωσαν το μεγαλύτερο ποσοστό δημοτικών αποβλήτων στην Ευρώπη το 2010. Παρά το γεγονός ότι σε ορισμένες χώρες τα ποσοστά ανακύκλωσης έχουν αυξηθεί ραγδαία, η Ευρώπη εξακολουθεί να σπαταλά τεράστιες ποσότητες πολύτιμων πόρων στέλνοντας τα απόβλητα στους χώρους υγειονομικής ταφής, ενώ πολλές χώρες κινδυνεύουν να μείνουν πίσω στην επίτευξη των νομικά δεσμευτικών στόχων ανακύκλωσης.
Najwyższe wskaźniki recyklingu w Austrii i w Niemczech, ale Wielka Brytania i Irlandia odnotowują najszybszy wzrost Najwyższe wskaźniki recyklingu w Austrii i w Niemczech, ale Wielka Brytania i Irlandia odnotowują najszybszy wzrost W 2010 r. Austria, Niemcy i Belgia poddały recyklingowi największy odsetek odpadów komunalnych w Europie. Mimo że niektóre państwa szybko zwiększyły wskaźniki recyklingu, Europa nadal marnuje ogromne ilości cennych zasobów, składując je na wysypiskach, a wielu państwom grozi ryzyko niezrealizowania prawnie wiążących zobowiązań w zakresie docelowych poziomów recyklingu odpadów komunalnych.
Austria şi Germania înregistrează cele mai ridicate rate de reciclare – dar creşterea cea mai mare este în Regatul Unit şi Irlanda Austria şi Germania înregistrează cele mai ridicate rate de reciclare – dar creşterea cea mai mare este în Regatul Unit şi Irlanda Austria, Germania şi Belgia au reciclat cea mai mare proporţie de deşeuri urbane din Europa în 2010. Deşi, în unele ţări, ratele de reciclare au crescut rapid, Europa încă iroseşte mari cantităţi de resurse valoroase trimiţându-le la depozitele de deşeuri, iar multe ţări riscă să nu îndeplinească obiectivele de reciclare obligatorii din punct de vedere legal.
Stopnja recikliranja je najvišja v Avstriji in Nemčiji, najhitreje pa se povečuje v Združenem kraljestvu in na Irskem Stopnja recikliranja je najvišja v Avstriji in Nemčiji, najhitreje pa se povečuje v Združenem kraljestvu in na Irskem V letu 2010 so največji delež komunalnih odpadkov v Evropi reciklirale Avstrija, Nemčija in Belgija. Čeprav nekatere države hitro povečujejo stopnjo recikliranja, Evropa z odlaganjem komunalnih odpadkov na odlagališčih še vedno izgublja ogromne količine dragocenih virov, številnim državam pa verjetno ne bo uspelo doseči pravno zavezujočih ciljev glede recikliranja.
Highest recycling rates in Austria and Germany – but UK and Ireland show fastest increase Highest recycling rates in Austria and Germany – but UK and Ireland show fastest increase Austria, Germany and Belgium recycled the largest proportion of municipal waste in Europe in 2010. Although some countries have rapidly increased recycling rates, Europe is still wasting vast quantities of valuable resources by sending them to landfill, and many countries risk falling short of legally binding recycling targets.
Las mayores tasas de reciclado se registran en Austria y Alemania, pero el Reino Unido e Irlanda muestran un aumento más rápido Las mayores tasas de reciclado se registran en Austria y Alemania, pero el Reino Unido e Irlanda muestran un aumento más rápido Austria, Alemania y Bélgica son los países que reciclaron la mayor proporción de residuos urbanos en Europa en 2010. Si bien algunos países han logrado un rápido aumento de las tasas de reciclado, Europa sigue desperdiciando grandes cantidades de valiosos recursos enviándolos a los vertederos, y muchos países corren el riesgo de incumplir los objetivos de reciclado que exige la ley.
Najvyššie miery recyklácie sú v Rakúsku a Nemecku, ale najrýchlejší rast vykazujú Spojené kráľovstvo a Írsko Najvyššie miery recyklácie sú v Rakúsku a Nemecku, ale najrýchlejší rast vykazujú Spojené kráľovstvo a Írsko Najviac komunálneho odpadu v Európe sa v roku 2010 recyklovalo v Rakúsku, Nemecku a Belgicku. Aj keď niektoré krajiny prudko zvýšili mieru recyklácie, v Európe sa stále plytvá obrovským množstvom cenných zdrojov, ktoré sa vyhadzujú na skládky, a mnohé krajiny riskujú, že nesplnia právne záväzné ciele recyklácie.
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