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You are here: Home / Publications / Impacts of Europe's changing climate

Impacts of Europe's changing climate

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EEA Report
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Published by

  • EEA (European Environment Agency)
  • OPOCE (Office for Official Publications of the European Communities)
  • Published: Aug 17, 2004

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: 92-9167-692-6
: TH-60-04-200-EN-C
: EUR 15.00

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Figures used

Projected changes in annual river-flow, 2070s Projected changes in annual river-flow, 2070s Note: Two different climate models (ECHAM4 and HadCM3).
Reconstructed and measured temperature over the last 1 000 years (Northern hemisphere) and projected temperature rise in the next 100 years Reconstructed and measured temperature over the last 1 000 years (Northern hemisphere) and projected temperature rise in the next 100 years Reconstructed and measured temperature over the last 1 000 years (Northern hemisphere) and projected temperature rise in the next 100 years
Reconstructed record of the global average temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration over the last 400.000 years Reconstructed record of the global average temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration over the last 400.000 years Geographical coverage note: World Temporal coverage: The last 400 000 years
Deviations of winter and summer sea surface temperature in the North Sea Deviations of winter and summer sea surface temperature in the North Sea
Weather and climate related disasters in Europe Weather and climate related disasters in Europe
Share of stable species in 2100, compared with 1990 Share of stable species in 2100, compared with 1990 Note: Percentage of total number of species in 1990
Number of reported deaths and minimum and maximum temperature in Paris during the heatwave in summer 2003 Number of reported deaths and minimum and maximum temperature in Paris during the heatwave in summer 2003 Notes: Reported deaths (bars on left axis), temperature (lines, right axis).
Regional changes of mean sea ice draft in the Arctic Regional changes of mean sea ice draft in the Arctic Note: Sea ice draft is the subsurface fraction of the ice thickness.
Changes of the mean annual river discharges over the twentieth century Changes of the mean annual river discharges over the twentieth century Note: The observed time periods differ between stations.
Deviations of monthly snow cover extent over the northern hemisphere lands (including Greenland) Deviations of monthly snow cover extent over the northern hemisphere lands (including Greenland) Note: Deviations are compared to a 30 year average
Sea surface temperature in winter and summer in the Norwegian Sea, the Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea Sea surface temperature in winter and summer in the Norwegian Sea, the Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea Note: Deviations are from long-term averages.
Rise of greenhouse gases concentration compared with the year 1750 Rise of greenhouse gases concentration compared with the year 1750
Cumulative net balance of glaciers from all European glacier regions Cumulative net balance of glaciers from all European glacier regions
Decision making framework for climate adaptation strategies Decision making framework for climate adaptation strategies
Changes in frequency of very wet days in Europe between 1976 and 1999 Changes in frequency of very wet days in Europe between 1976 and 1999 Note: Very wet days are defined as days with precipitation above 20 mm.
Tick prevalence (white dots) in central and northern Sweden Tick prevalence (white dots) in central and northern Sweden Note: White dots show prevalence, comparing the early 1980s and the mid 1990s in the same region (black line).
Inter-annual variation in European carbon fluxes from the biosphere to the atmosphere Inter-annual variation in European carbon fluxes from the biosphere to the atmosphere Note: The lines represent the results of two ecosystem models (LPJ and SLAVE), and the range (minimum, mean, maximum) of calculated terrestrial C flux (based on so-called inversed calculations considering atmospheric CO2 calculation)
Survival of grey heron and common buzzard Survival of grey heron and common buzzard
Changes in the seasonal timing of decapod larvae in the North Sea Changes in the seasonal timing of decapod larvae in the North Sea
Change of sea level at selected stations in Europe from 1896 to 1996 Change of sea level at selected stations in Europe from 1896 to 1996 Note: Data are corrected for post-glacial processes.
Change in annual average river discharge for European river basins in the 2070s compared with 2000 Change in annual average river discharge for European river basins in the 2070s compared with 2000 Note: Two different climate models (ECHAM4 and HadCM3).
Change in frequency of summer days in Europe, in the period 1976-1999 (days with temperatures above 25 oC) Change in frequency of summer days in Europe, in the period 1976-1999 (days with temperatures above 25 oC) Positive values indicate increase and negative values indicate decrease of annaul summer days per decade
Sea level rise at selected European gauge stations Sea level rise at selected European gauge stations Note: Data are corrected for postglacial processes.
Projected increase of GHG concentration in the atmosphere for four different possible futures Projected increase of GHG concentration in the atmosphere for four different possible futures
Projected global average sea level rise Projected global average sea level rise Note: Thermal expansion and land ice changes were calculated using a simple climate model calibrated separately for each of seven air/ocean global climate models (AOGCMs)
Annual sea surface temperature (SST) deviations averaged over the northern hemisphere Annual sea surface temperature (SST) deviations averaged over the northern hemisphere
Deviations of seasonal snow cover (solid curve) versus deviations of temperature (dashed curve) Deviations of seasonal snow cover (solid curve) versus deviations of temperature (dashed curve) Note: Deviations are compared to a 30 year average.
Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere Carbon balance of the terrestrial biosphere Notes: Atmospheric carbon (in the form of CO2) is absorbed by plants in the process of photosynthesis
Projected change in summer precipitation in Europe up to 2080 Projected change in summer precipitation in Europe up to 2080 Note: Summer precipitation change (%)
Projected drought stress Projected drought stress Note: Higher numbers indicate lower drought stress.
Projected temperature changes in Europe up to 2080 Projected temperature changes in Europe up to 2080 Note: Temperature change (degrees Celcius)
Annual carbon uptake of the terrestrial biosphere Annual carbon uptake of the terrestrial biosphere Note: The biosphere of countries with positive values absorbs more carbon than it emits (carbon sink); those with negative values emit more than they absorb (carbon source).
Projected no. of growing days Projected no. of growing days Note: Growing season is defined here as the number of consecutive days per year with average temperatures of more than 5 degrees Celcius.
Economic and insured losses caused by weather and climate related disasters in Europe Economic and insured losses caused by weather and climate related disasters in Europe
Observed annual, winter and summer temperature deviations in Europe Observed annual, winter and summer temperature deviations in Europe
Greenness of vegetation in Europe Greenness of vegetation in Europe Note: Greenness is a measure for plant productivity derived from remote sensing data.
Changes in species composition between a cold temperate and a warm temperate species of copepod in the North Sea Changes in species composition between a cold temperate and a warm temperate species of copepod in the North Sea
Wheat yield in 2003 (change from 2002) Wheat yield in 2003 (change from 2002)
Changes in frequencies of groups of plant species adapted to "warm" and "cold" conditions in the Netherlands and Norway Changes in frequencies of groups of plant species adapted to "warm" and "cold" conditions in the Netherlands and Norway Note: Low numbers on the y-axis represent plant groups that are accustomed to cold conditions, high numbers are groups accustomed to warm growing conditions (according to Ellenberg numbers)
Long-term monthly means of phytoplankton colour index in the central North Sea Long-term monthly means of phytoplankton colour index in the central North Sea
Monthly deviations of Arctic sea ice extent Monthly deviations of Arctic sea ice extent Note: Deviations relative to the monthly average of the 30 years period.
Annual temperature deviation in Europe in 2003 Annual temperature deviation in Europe in 2003 Note: Temperature deviation, relative to average temperature from 1961-1990 (degrees Celcius).
Change in species richness on 30 high summits of the eastern Alps during the twentieth century Change in species richness on 30 high summits of the eastern Alps during the twentieth century
Annual precipitation changes in Europe for the period 1900-2000 Annual precipitation changes in Europe for the period 1900-2000 Note: Unit: Percentage change per century
The potential response by 2100 of three currently common mountain species to climate change The potential response by 2100 of three currently common mountain species to climate change Note: Snow dock (Rumex nivalis), mountain bladder fern (Cystopteris montana), and mountain buttercup (Ranunculus montanus)
Observed changes in growing season length Observed changes in growing season length Note: Observed data from the International Phenological Gardens in Europe except France, the Iberian peninsula, mid and southern Italy, and Greece.

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