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- 9.2.1 - Representative sites
- 9.2.1.1 - Selection criteria
- 9.2.2 - Information on representative sites
- 9.2.3 - Interpretation
- 9.2.4 - Geographic regions
- 9.2.5 - Forests
- 9.2.5.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.5.1.1 - Boreal region
- 9.2.5.1.2 - Atlantic region
- 9.2.5.1.3 - Mediterranean region
- 9.2.5.1.4 - Central European region
- 9.2.5.1.5 - Alluvial forests
- 9.2.5.1.6 - Mountain forests
- 9.2.5.2 - Functions and values
- 9.2.5.3 - Habitat threats
- 9.2.5.4 - Representative sites: forests
- 9.2.5.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.5.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.5.5. - Conclusions
- 9.2.6 - Scrubs and grasslands
- 9.2.6.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.6.2 - Functions and values
- 9.2.6.3 - Habitat threats
- 9.2.6.4 - Represenative sites: scrub and grasslands
- 9.2.6.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.6.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.6.5 - Conclusions
- 9.2.7 - Inland waters: rivers and lakes
- 9.2.7.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.7.2 - Ecological functions: rivers
- 9.2.7.3 - Ecological functions: lakes
- 9.2.7.4 - Habitat threats: rivers and lakes
- 9.2.7.5 - Representative sites: rivers and lakes
- 9.2.7.5.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.7.5.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.7.6 - Conclusions
- 9.2.8 - Bogs, fens and marshes
- 9.2.8.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.8.2 - Functions and values
- 9.2.8.3 - Habitat threats
- 9.2.8.4 - Representative sites: bogs, fens and marshes
- 9.2.8.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.8.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.8.5 - Conclusions
- 9.2.9 - Coastal and marine ecosystems
- 9.2.9.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.9.2 - The coast
- 9.2.9.2.1 - Rocky coasts
- 9.2.9.2.2 - Sand dunes and mudflats
- 9.2.9.2.3 - Delta areas
- 9.2.9.2.4 - Estuaries
- 9.2.9.2.5 - Lagoons
- 9.2.9.3 - The marine environment
- 9.2.9.4 - Functions and values
- 9.2.9.5 - Habitat threats
- 9.2.9.5.1 - Algal blooms and pollution of the seas
- 9.2.9.5.2 - Overfishing
- 9.2.9.5.3 - Saltmarshes: overgrazing
- 9.2.9.5.4 - Estuaries and deltas: contamination
- 9.2.9.6 - Representative sites: coastal and marine
- 9.2.9.6.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.9.6.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.9.7 - Conclusions
- 9.2.10 - Mountains: rocks, screes, inland dunes and caves
- 9.2.10.1 - Introduction
- 9.2.10.2 - Habitat types
- 9.2.10.3 - Habitat threats
- 9.2.10.4 - Representative sites: mountains
- 9.2.10.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
- 9.2.10.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
- 9.2.10.5 - Conclusions
- 9.2.11 - Deserts and tundras
- 9.2.11.1 - Deserts
- 9.2.11.1.1 - Functions and values
- 9.2.11.1.2 - Habitat threats and representative sites
- 9.2.11.2 - Tundras
- 9.2.11.2.1 - Habitat threats and representative sites
- 9.2.11.3 - Conclusions
- 9.2.12 - Agricultural and urban ecosystems
- 9.2.13 - Conclusions
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- 9.3.1 - Introduction
- 9.3.2 - Mammmals
- 9.3.2.1 - Terrestrial mammals
- 9.3.2.2 - Aquatic mammals
- 9.3.2.3 - Conclusions
- 9.3.3 - Birds
- 9.3.3.1 - Habitat threats
- 9.3.3.2 - Conclusions
- 9.3.4. - Amphibians and reptiles
- 9.3.4.1 - Threats
- 9.3.4.2 - Most endangered species
- 9.3.4.3 - Conclusions
- 9.3.5 - Fish
- 9.3.5.1 - Threats
- 9.3.5.2 - Conclusions
- 9.3.6 - Invertebrates
- 9.3.6.1 - Introduction
- 9.3.6.2 - Functions and values
- 9.3.6.3 - Status
- 9.3.6.4 - Threats
- 9.3.6.5 - Conclusions
- 9.3.7 - Higher plants
- 9.3.7.1 - Introduction
- 9.3.7.2 - Boreal and Arctic Europe
- 9.3.7.3 - Central and Atlantic Europe
- 9.3.7.4 - Southern Europe
- 9.3.7.5 - Aquatic vegetation
- 9.3.7.6 - Conclusions
- 9.3.8 - Introduced species
- 9.3.9 - Wildlife trade
- 9.3.10 - Conclusions
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- 9.4.1 - National action for nature conservation
- 9.4.1.1 - The protection of species
- 9.4.1.2 - The protection of sites
- 9.4.2 - International action for nature conservation
- 9.4.2.1 - Global initiatives affecting Europe
- 9.4.2.1.1 - The Ramsar Convention
- 9.4.2.1.2 - The World Heritage Convention
- 9.4.2.1.3 - CITES
- 9.4.2.1.4 - The Bonn Convention
- 9.4.2.1.5 - Biosphere Reserves
- 9.4.2.1.6 - Convention on Biological Diversity
- 9.4.2.2 - European initiatives
- 9.4.2.2.1 - The Berne Convention
- 9.4.2.2.2 - Biogenetic Reserves
- 9.4.2.2.3 - The European Diploma
- 9.4.2.2.4 - The Bird Directive
- 9.4.2.2.5 - The Habitats Directive
- 9.4.2.2.6 - Regional initiatives
- 9.4.2.2.7 - Transfrontier parks
- 9.4.3 - New initiatives
- 9.4.3.1 - Convention on biological diversity
- 9.4.3.2 - Natura 2000
- 9.4.3.3 - European Ecological Network (EECONET)
- 9.4.3.4 - IUCN Action Plan for Protected Areas
- 9.4.3.5 - Integration of nature conservation into planning and other sectors
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