Chapter 9 - Nature and wildlife

9.1 - Introduction
9.2 - Ecosystems

9.2.1 - Representative sites
9.2.1.1 - Selection criteria
9.2.2 - Information on representative sites
9.2.3 - Interpretation
9.2.4 - Geographic regions
9.2.5 - Forests
9.2.5.1 - Introduction
9.2.5.1.1 - Boreal region
9.2.5.1.2 - Atlantic region
9.2.5.1.3 - Mediterranean region
9.2.5.1.4 - Central European region
9.2.5.1.5 - Alluvial forests
9.2.5.1.6 - Mountain forests
9.2.5.2 - Functions and values
9.2.5.3 - Habitat threats
9.2.5.4 - Representative sites: forests
9.2.5.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.5.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.5.5. - Conclusions
9.2.6 - Scrubs and grasslands
9.2.6.1 - Introduction
9.2.6.2 - Functions and values
9.2.6.3 - Habitat threats
9.2.6.4 - Represenative sites: scrub and grasslands
9.2.6.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.6.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.6.5 - Conclusions
9.2.7 - Inland waters: rivers and lakes
9.2.7.1 - Introduction
9.2.7.2 - Ecological functions: rivers
9.2.7.3 - Ecological functions: lakes
9.2.7.4 - Habitat threats: rivers and lakes
9.2.7.5 - Representative sites: rivers and lakes
9.2.7.5.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.7.5.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.7.6 - Conclusions
9.2.8 - Bogs, fens and marshes
9.2.8.1 - Introduction
9.2.8.2 - Functions and values
9.2.8.3 - Habitat threats
9.2.8.4 - Representative sites: bogs, fens and marshes
9.2.8.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.8.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.8.5 - Conclusions
9.2.9 - Coastal and marine ecosystems
9.2.9.1 - Introduction
9.2.9.2 - The coast
9.2.9.2.1 - Rocky coasts
9.2.9.2.2 - Sand dunes and mudflats
9.2.9.2.3 - Delta areas
9.2.9.2.4 - Estuaries
9.2.9.2.5 - Lagoons
9.2.9.3 - The marine environment
9.2.9.4 - Functions and values
9.2.9.5 - Habitat threats
9.2.9.5.1 - Algal blooms and pollution of the seas
9.2.9.5.2 - Overfishing
9.2.9.5.3 - Saltmarshes: overgrazing
9.2.9.5.4 - Estuaries and deltas: contamination
9.2.9.6 - Representative sites: coastal and marine
9.2.9.6.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.9.6.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.9.7 - Conclusions
9.2.10 - Mountains: rocks, screes, inland dunes and caves
9.2.10.1 - Introduction
9.2.10.2 - Habitat types
9.2.10.3 - Habitat threats
9.2.10.4 - Representative sites: mountains
9.2.10.4.1 - Criteria for site selection
9.2.10.4.2 - Interpretation of the data
9.2.10.5 - Conclusions
9.2.11 - Deserts and tundras
9.2.11.1 - Deserts
9.2.11.1.1 - Functions and values
9.2.11.1.2 - Habitat threats and representative sites
9.2.11.2 - Tundras
9.2.11.2.1 - Habitat threats and representative sites
9.2.11.3 - Conclusions
9.2.12 - Agricultural and urban ecosystems
9.2.13 - Conclusions

9.3 - Fauna and Flora

9.3.1 - Introduction
9.3.2 - Mammmals
9.3.2.1 - Terrestrial mammals
9.3.2.2 - Aquatic mammals
9.3.2.3 - Conclusions
9.3.3 - Birds
9.3.3.1 - Habitat threats
9.3.3.2 - Conclusions
9.3.4. - Amphibians and reptiles
9.3.4.1 - Threats
9.3.4.2 - Most endangered species
9.3.4.3 - Conclusions
9.3.5 - Fish
9.3.5.1 - Threats
9.3.5.2 - Conclusions
9.3.6 - Invertebrates
9.3.6.1 - Introduction
9.3.6.2 - Functions and values
9.3.6.3 - Status
9.3.6.4 - Threats
9.3.6.5 - Conclusions
9.3.7 - Higher plants
9.3.7.1 - Introduction
9.3.7.2 - Boreal and Arctic Europe
9.3.7.3 - Central and Atlantic Europe
9.3.7.4 - Southern Europe
9.3.7.5 - Aquatic vegetation
9.3.7.6 - Conclusions
9.3.8 - Introduced species
9.3.9 - Wildlife trade
9.3.10 - Conclusions

9.4 - Nature Conservation

9.4.1 - National action for nature conservation
9.4.1.1 - The protection of species
9.4.1.2 - The protection of sites
9.4.2 - International action for nature conservation
9.4.2.1 - Global initiatives affecting Europe
9.4.2.1.1 - The Ramsar Convention
9.4.2.1.2 - The World Heritage Convention
9.4.2.1.3 - CITES
9.4.2.1.4 - The Bonn Convention
9.4.2.1.5 - Biosphere Reserves
9.4.2.1.6 - Convention on Biological Diversity
9.4.2.2 - European initiatives
9.4.2.2.1 - The Berne Convention
9.4.2.2.2 - Biogenetic Reserves
9.4.2.2.3 - The European Diploma
9.4.2.2.4 - The Bird Directive
9.4.2.2.5 - The Habitats Directive
9.4.2.2.6 - Regional initiatives
9.4.2.2.7 - Transfrontier parks
9.4.3 - New initiatives
9.4.3.1 - Convention on biological diversity
9.4.3.2 - Natura 2000
9.4.3.3 - European Ecological Network (EECONET)
9.4.3.4 - IUCN Action Plan for Protected Areas
9.4.3.5 - Integration of nature conservation into planning and other sectors

9.5 - Conclusions