Table 4.4 - Indices describing outdoor air pollution conditions in large European cities, 1990

Source: Specially compiled data from multiple sources by RIVM (See Statistical Compendium)

City(country code)** Environmental pressure1 Emission2 of smog-forming pollutants Climatological impact1 Exceedances3 Exposure4
 Potential conditions for smog O3 City background SO2+ PM City background SO2+ PM
 Summer smog Winter smog Average dispersion Summer Winter
Tirana (AL) 4 1* 2* 4       2 1
Vienna (AT) 4 4 2* 4 3 3   2 2
Minsk (BY) 4 2 2* 43 4   2* 3
Sofia (BG) 3 3 5 5 3 3   3* 3
Brussels (BE) 3 4* 3* 3 3 2 2 1 1
Antwerp 3 3* 3* 3 3 2 2 1 3*
Zagreb (HR) 3 4 2 5 4 4   2 3*
Prague (CZ) 3 2 3* 3 3 3   3 4
Copenhagen (DK) 3 4 3 1 1 3      
Tallinn (EE) 3 1* 3* 2 2 4      
Helsinki (FI) 3 2 2 2 2 4 1 2 3*
Paris (FR) 5 5* 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
Lille 3 3* 2* 2 3 2 1 2 4
Lyons 4 3* 3* 4 4 3 1 3* 3
Marseilles 4 2* 3* 3 4 1 1 1 1
Toulouse 2 2* 2* 4 4 2 2 1 1
Berlin (DE) 4 5 5 3 3 3 2 4* 4
Bremen 4 2* 2* 2 3 3 4 4* 3*
Cologne 4 3* 2* 4 3 3 2 1* 4
Dortmund 3 2* 1* 3 3 2 2 1 4
Dresden 2 2 4* 5 3 3   2 3
Duisburg 4 2* 1* 4 3 2 2 2 4
sseldorf 3 2* 1* 4 3 2 2 1 3
Essen 3 2* 1* 4 3 2 2 1 4
Frankfurt am Main 3 2* 2* 4 3 3 2 1* 3
Hamburg 3 4* 2* 3 2 3 2 2* 4
Hanover 2 2* 1* 3 3 3 3 3* 2*
Leipzig 3 3* 5* 3 3 3   5 4
Munich 3 4* 2* 4 3 3 1 0.5 1
Nuremberg 3 2* 2* 4 3 3   1 1*
Stuttgart 2 2* 2* 5 3 3 2 1 3
Athens (GR) 4 4 2* 4 4 1   2 3
Thessaloniki 3 2* 3* 4 4 3      
Budapest (HU) 5 4* 5* 4 4 3 2 2* 4
Dublin (IE) 3 2 2 3 1 2   3 4
Reykjavik (IS) 3 1* 1 2 1 3   0.5 1
Rome (IT) 5 4* 5* 3 4 2   3 3*
Genoa 4 2* 4* 3 4 1      
Milan 4 3* 3* 4 4 5      
Naples 4 3* 4* 4 5 3      
Palermo 4 2* 3* 3 4 1      
Turin 5 4* 4* 4       2 4
Riga (LV) 3 2 1 2 2 4   4* 4*
Vilnius (LT) 3 2* 2* 4 2 3      
Luxembourg (LU) 3 1* 1 4 3 3   0.5 1*
Kishinev (MD) 3 2* 3* 5 3 4      
Amsterdam (NL) 3 3* 2* 2 2 2 2 0.5 2
Rotterdam 3 3* 2* 2 2 2 2 1* 2
The Hague 3 2* 1* 1 2 2 2 0.5 1
Oslo (NO) 2 2 1 5 2 5 1 2 2
Warsaw (PL) 3 4 3* 3 3 3 1   1*
Gda´nsk 3 2* 4 2 1 3      
Katowice   2 5* 2 3     3 4
Cracow 4 2 4* 5 3 4   2 3*
Lód´z 3 2* 4* 3 3 3   1 3*
Pozna´n 3 2* 4* 3 3 3   2 3*
Wroctaw 4 2*   3 3 3      
Lisbon (PT) 5 3* 4* 3 4 1   1 1*
Oporto 5 2* 3* 3 3 1   2 4
Setubal 3 2* 2* 2 4 1   1 1*
Bucharest (RO) 4 3 3 4 4 5   2* 4
Moscow (RU) 5 4 2 4 3 4   2* 2*
Izhevsk (Ustinov) 3 2 2 3 3 4   2* 3*
Kazan 3 2 2 3 3 4   2* 2*
Krasnodar 2 2 2 3 4 4   3* 4*
Nizhny Novgorod 3 2 3 4 3 4   2* 3*
Perm 3 4 3 4 3 4   2* 3*
St Petersburg 5 2 3 3 3 4   1* 2*
Rostov-on-Don 4 2 2 3 4 3   2* 3*
Samara 3 3 3 4 4 3   4* 4*
Sratov 3 3 2 3 3 5   2* 3*
Togliatti 3 2 3 3 3 4   3* 4*
Tula 3 2* 2 4 3 4   1* 2*
Ufa 3 2 3 4 3 4   2* 3*
Volgograd 3 3 3 4 4 4   2* 3*
Voronezh 4 1 3 4 3 4   2* 3*
Yaroslavl 2 4 3 4 3 5   4* 2*
Bratislava (SK) 3 1 3 3 4 3   2 4
Ljubljana (SI) 3 1* 3 5 4 4   2 4
Madrid (ES) 5     3 5 4      
Barcelona 4     4 4 1   1* 3*
Seville 3     4 5 1   0.5 1*
Valencia 4     3 4 2   2 1
Zaragoza 4     3 4 3   1 4
Stockholm (SE) 3 3 2 2 2 4   1 1*
Gothenburg 3 2 1 2 2 3   0.5 1*
Zurich (CH) 4 1 2 5 3 3   0.5 1*
Istanbul (TR) 4     4 3 3   5* 4
Kiev (UA) 3 2 2 2 3 3   2 3
Dnepropetrovsk 4 2 4 2 3 4   2 3
Donetsk 4 1 3 2 3 3   4 4
Kharkov 4 2 2 3 3 4   2 3
Krivoj Rog 4 2 4 3 3 3   4 4
Lvov 3 1 1 3 3 4   3 3
Mariupol 3 2 4 4 3 3   2 3
Odessa 4 2 2 4 3 3   4 4
Zaporozhye 4 2 3 3 3 3   2 3
London (UK)   5* 2 3 2 2 2    
Belfast   2* 5   3 4   3 4
Birmingham 4 5* 5* 3 2 3      
Glasgow 3 2* 4* 3 1 3      
Leeds 4 2* 2* 3 1 3   1 4
Liverpool 3 2* 3* 1 1 2   3 4
Manchester 5 2* 2* 3 2 2   2 4
Sheffield 4 2* 3* 3 2 3 2 1 3*

Notes: * = uncertain data.

  1. Indices have been ranked in five classes ranging from lowest (1) to highest (5) for 'environmental pressure' or 'climatological impact'. The number '1' corresponds to least pressure or most favourable climatological conditions, and '5' corresponds to most pressure or most unfavourable climatological conditions. For 'environmental pressure', class intervals have been chosen on the basis of the standard deviations from the population, and population density averages for the 105 selected cities. For 'climatological impact', class intervals have been chosen on the basis of the standard deviations from the average dispersion (measured as wind speed) and smog-forming potential conditions (measured as the frequency of adverse dispersion conditions for summer and winter smogs separately) for the 105 selected cities. In each case the class intervals used are defined as follows, (where a = the average, and s = the standard deviation): 1 = < (a­1.5s); 2 = (a­1.5s) to (a­0.5s); 3 = (a­0.5s) to (a+0.5s); 4 = (a+0.5s) to (a+1.5s); 5 = > (a+1.5s). The class values given for each city and category in these columns are calculated as the mean of the classes obtained from the two indicators used in each case separately (ie, each of the two pairs of indicators are assumed to be equally significant as measures of environmental pressure and climatological impact respectively).
  2. The emission indices have been ranked in five classes from 'least unfavourable conditions' (1), to 'most unfavourable conditions' (5), relative to the average emission conditions in the 105 selected cities for compounds with summer (VOCs and NOx) and winter (SO2 and PM) smog-forming potential. Class intervals have been chosen on the basis of the standard deviations from the averages in the ranges described in note 1 above.
  3. 0.5:< 0.5AQG

    1:0.5­1AQG

    2:1­2AQG

    3:2­3AQG

    4:3­4AQG

    5:4­5AQG

  4. 1:0­5%population

    2:5­33%population

    3:33­66%population

    4:>66%population

** See Table 5.9 for country codes