Table 4.4 - Indices describing outdoor air pollution conditions in large European cities, 1990
Source: Specially compiled data from multiple sources by RIVM (See Statistical Compendium)
City(country code)** | Environmental pressure1 | Emission2 of smog-forming pollutants | Climatological impact1 | Exceedances3 | Exposure4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
  | Potential conditions for smog | O3 | City background SO2+ PM | City background SO2+ PM | |||||
  | Summer smog | Winter smog | Average dispersion | Summer | Winter | ||||
Tirana (AL) | 4 | 1* | 2* | 4 |   |   |   | 2 | 1 |
Vienna (AT) | 4 | 4 | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 2 |
Minsk (BY) | 4 | 2 | 2* | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3 |
Sofia (BG) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 3* | 3 |
Brussels (BE) | 3 | 4* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Antwerp | 3 | 3* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3* |
Zagreb (HR) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 |   | 2 | 3* |
Prague (CZ) | 3 | 2 | 3* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 3 | 4 |
Copenhagen (DK) | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
Tallinn (EE) | 3 | 1* | 3* | 2 | 2 | 4 |   |   |   |
Helsinki (FI) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3* |
Paris (FR) | 5 | 5* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Lille | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
Lyons | 4 | 3* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3* | 3 |
Marseilles | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Toulouse | 2 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Berlin (DE) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4* | 4 |
Bremen | 4 | 2* | 2* | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4* | 3* |
Cologne | 4 | 3* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1* | 4 |
Dortmund | 3 | 2* | 1* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Dresden | 2 | 2 | 4* | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
Duisburg | 4 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
Düsseldorf | 3 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Essen | 3 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Frankfurt am Main | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1* | 3 |
Hamburg | 3 | 4* | 2* | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2* | 4 |
Hanover | 2 | 2* | 1* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3* | 2* |
Leipzig | 3 | 3* | 5* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 5 | 4 |
Munich | 3 | 4* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
Nuremberg | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 1 | 1* |
Stuttgart | 2 | 2* | 2* | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Athens (GR) | 4 | 4 | 2* | 4 | 4 | 1 |   | 2 | 3 |
Thessaloniki | 3 | 2* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 3 |   |   |   |
Budapest (HU) | 5 | 4* | 5* | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2* | 4 |
Dublin (IE) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |   | 3 | 4 |
Reykjavik (IS) | 3 | 1* | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1 |
Rome (IT) | 5 | 4* | 5* | 3 | 4 | 2 |   | 3 | 3* |
Genoa | 4 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   |   |   |
Milan | 4 | 3* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 5 |   |   |   |
Naples | 4 | 3* | 4* | 4 | 5 | 3 |   |   |   |
Palermo | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   |   |   |
Turin | 5 | 4* | 4* | 4 |   |   |   | 2 | 4 |
Riga (LV) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 |   | 4* | 4* |
Vilnius (LT) | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 2 | 3 |   |   |   |
Luxembourg (LU) | 3 | 1* | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
Kishinev (MD) | 3 | 2* | 3* | 5 | 3 | 4 |   |   |   |
Amsterdam (NL) | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 2 |
Rotterdam | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1* | 2 |
The Hague | 3 | 2* | 1* | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 |
Oslo (NO) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Warsaw (PL) | 3 | 4 | 3* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |   | 1* |
Gda´nsk | 3 | 2* | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
Katowice |   | 2 | 5* | 2 | 3 |   |   | 3 | 4 |
Cracow | 4 | 2 | 4* | 5 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3* |
Lód´z | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 1 | 3* |
Pozna´n | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3* |
Wroctaw | 4 | 2* |   | 3 | 3 | 3 |   |   |   |
Lisbon (PT) | 5 | 3* | 4* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   | 1 | 1* |
Oporto | 5 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 1 |   | 2 | 4 |
Setubal | 3 | 2* | 2* | 2 | 4 | 1 |   | 1 | 1* |
Bucharest (RO) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 |   | 2* | 4 |
Moscow (RU) | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 2* |
Izhevsk (Ustinov) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
Kazan | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 2* |
Krasnodar | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |   | 3* | 4* |
Nizhny Novgorod | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
Perm | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
St Petersburg | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 1* | 2* |
Rostov-on-Don | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 2* | 3* |
Samara | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 |   | 4* | 4* |
Sratov | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 |   | 2* | 3* |
Togliatti | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 3* | 4* |
Tula | 3 | 2* | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 1* | 2* |
Ufa | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
Volgograd | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
Voronezh | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
Yaroslavl | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 |   | 4* | 2* |
Bratislava (SK) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 2 | 4 |
Ljubljana (SI) | 3 | 1* | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 |   | 2 | 4 |
Madrid (ES) | 5 |   |   | 3 | 5 | 4 |   |   |   |
Barcelona | 4 |   |   | 4 | 4 | 1 |   | 1* | 3* |
Seville | 3 |   |   | 4 | 5 | 1 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
Valencia | 4 |   |   | 3 | 4 | 2 |   | 2 | 1 |
Zaragoza | 4 |   |   | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 1 | 4 |
Stockholm (SE) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |   | 1 | 1* |
Gothenburg | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
Zurich (CH) | 4 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
Istanbul (TR) | 4 |   |   | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 5* | 4 |
Kiev (UA) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
Dnepropetrovsk | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3 |
Donetsk | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
Kharkov | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3 |
Krivoj Rog | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
Lvov | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 3 | 3 |
Mariupol | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
Odessa | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
Zaporozhye | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
London (UK) |   | 5* | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |   |   |
Belfast |   | 2* | 5 |   | 3 | 4 |   | 3 | 4 |
Birmingham | 4 | 5* | 5* | 3 | 2 | 3 |   |   |   |
Glasgow | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
Leeds | 4 | 2* | 2* | 3 | 1 | 3 |   | 1 | 4 |
Liverpool | 3 | 2* | 3* | 1 | 1 | 2 |   | 3 | 4 |
Manchester | 5 | 2* | 2* | 3 | 2 | 2 |   | 2 | 4 |
Sheffield | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3* |
Notes: * = uncertain data.
1:0.51AQG 2:12AQG 3:23AQG 4:34AQG 5:45AQG
** See Table 5.9 for country codes