Table 4.4 - Indices describing outdoor air pollution conditions in large European cities, 1990
Source: Specially compiled data from multiple sources by RIVM (See Statistical Compendium)
| City(country code)** | Environmental pressure1 | Emission2 of smog-forming pollutants | Climatological impact1 | Exceedances3 | Exposure4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|   | Potential conditions for smog | O3 | City background SO2+ PM | City background SO2+ PM | |||||
|   | Summer smog | Winter smog | Average dispersion | Summer | Winter | ||||
| Tirana (AL) | 4 | 1* | 2* | 4 |   |   |   | 2 | 1 |
| Vienna (AT) | 4 | 4 | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 2 |
| Minsk (BY) | 4 | 2 | 2* | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3 |
| Sofia (BG) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 3* | 3 |
| Brussels (BE) | 3 | 4* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Antwerp | 3 | 3* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3* |
| Zagreb (HR) | 3 | 4 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 4 |   | 2 | 3* |
| Prague (CZ) | 3 | 2 | 3* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 3 | 4 |
| Copenhagen (DK) | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Tallinn (EE) | 3 | 1* | 3* | 2 | 2 | 4 |   |   |   |
| Helsinki (FI) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3* |
| Paris (FR) | 5 | 5* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Lille | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| Lyons | 4 | 3* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 3* | 3 |
| Marseilles | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Toulouse | 2 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| Berlin (DE) | 4 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 4* | 4 |
| Bremen | 4 | 2* | 2* | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4* | 3* |
| Cologne | 4 | 3* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1* | 4 |
| Dortmund | 3 | 2* | 1* | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Dresden | 2 | 2 | 4* | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Duisburg | 4 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
| Düsseldorf | 3 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Essen | 3 | 2* | 1* | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Frankfurt am Main | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1* | 3 |
| Hamburg | 3 | 4* | 2* | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2* | 4 |
| Hanover | 2 | 2* | 1* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3* | 2* |
| Leipzig | 3 | 3* | 5* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 5 | 4 |
| Munich | 3 | 4* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Nuremberg | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 1 | 1* |
| Stuttgart | 2 | 2* | 2* | 5 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| Athens (GR) | 4 | 4 | 2* | 4 | 4 | 1 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Thessaloniki | 3 | 2* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Budapest (HU) | 5 | 4* | 5* | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2* | 4 |
| Dublin (IE) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 |   | 3 | 4 |
| Reykjavik (IS) | 3 | 1* | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1 |
| Rome (IT) | 5 | 4* | 5* | 3 | 4 | 2 |   | 3 | 3* |
| Genoa | 4 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   |   |   |
| Milan | 4 | 3* | 3* | 4 | 4 | 5 |   |   |   |
| Naples | 4 | 3* | 4* | 4 | 5 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Palermo | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   |   |   |
| Turin | 5 | 4* | 4* | 4 |   |   |   | 2 | 4 |
| Riga (LV) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 |   | 4* | 4* |
| Vilnius (LT) | 3 | 2* | 2* | 4 | 2 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Luxembourg (LU) | 3 | 1* | 1 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
| Kishinev (MD) | 3 | 2* | 3* | 5 | 3 | 4 |   |   |   |
| Amsterdam (NL) | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 2 |
| Rotterdam | 3 | 3* | 2* | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1* | 2 |
| The Hague | 3 | 2* | 1* | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0.5 | 1 |
| Oslo (NO) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Warsaw (PL) | 3 | 4 | 3* | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |   | 1* |
| Gda´nsk | 3 | 2* | 4 | 2 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Katowice |   | 2 | 5* | 2 | 3 |   |   | 3 | 4 |
| Cracow | 4 | 2 | 4* | 5 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3* |
| Lód´z | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 1 | 3* |
| Pozna´n | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3* |
| Wroctaw | 4 | 2* |   | 3 | 3 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Lisbon (PT) | 5 | 3* | 4* | 3 | 4 | 1 |   | 1 | 1* |
| Oporto | 5 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 3 | 1 |   | 2 | 4 |
| Setubal | 3 | 2* | 2* | 2 | 4 | 1 |   | 1 | 1* |
| Bucharest (RO) | 4 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 |   | 2* | 4 |
| Moscow (RU) | 5 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 2* |
| Izhevsk (Ustinov) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Kazan | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 2* |
| Krasnodar | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 |   | 3* | 4* |
| Nizhny Novgorod | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Perm | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| St Petersburg | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 1* | 2* |
| Rostov-on-Don | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Samara | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 |   | 4* | 4* |
| Sratov | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 5 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Togliatti | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 3* | 4* |
| Tula | 3 | 2* | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 1* | 2* |
| Ufa | 3 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Volgograd | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Voronezh | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 |   | 2* | 3* |
| Yaroslavl | 2 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 5 |   | 4* | 2* |
| Bratislava (SK) | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 2 | 4 |
| Ljubljana (SI) | 3 | 1* | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 |   | 2 | 4 |
| Madrid (ES) | 5 |   |   | 3 | 5 | 4 |   |   |   |
| Barcelona | 4 |   |   | 4 | 4 | 1 |   | 1* | 3* |
| Seville | 3 |   |   | 4 | 5 | 1 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
| Valencia | 4 |   |   | 3 | 4 | 2 |   | 2 | 1 |
| Zaragoza | 4 |   |   | 3 | 4 | 3 |   | 1 | 4 |
| Stockholm (SE) | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |   | 1 | 1* |
| Gothenburg | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
| Zurich (CH) | 4 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 3 | 3 |   | 0.5 | 1* |
| Istanbul (TR) | 4 |   |   | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 5* | 4 |
| Kiev (UA) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Dnepropetrovsk | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Donetsk | 4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
| Kharkov | 4 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Krivoj Rog | 4 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
| Lvov | 3 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 4 |   | 3 | 3 |
| Mariupol | 3 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
| Odessa | 4 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 3 | 3 |   | 4 | 4 |
| Zaporozhye | 4 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |   | 2 | 3 |
| London (UK) |   | 5* | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 |   |   |
| Belfast |   | 2* | 5 |   | 3 | 4 |   | 3 | 4 |
| Birmingham | 4 | 5* | 5* | 3 | 2 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Glasgow | 3 | 2* | 4* | 3 | 1 | 3 |   |   |   |
| Leeds | 4 | 2* | 2* | 3 | 1 | 3 |   | 1 | 4 |
| Liverpool | 3 | 2* | 3* | 1 | 1 | 2 |   | 3 | 4 |
| Manchester | 5 | 2* | 2* | 3 | 2 | 2 |   | 2 | 4 |
| Sheffield | 4 | 2* | 3* | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3* |
Notes: * = uncertain data.
1:0.51AQG 2:12AQG 3:23AQG 4:34AQG 5:45AQG
** See Table 5.9 for country codes