Premature deaths attributable to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 exposure in 41 European countries and the EU-28, 2014

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		PM_2.5		NO₂		0₃
Country	Population (1 000)	Annual mean (^e)	Premature deaths (^a) C₀=0	Annual mean (^e)	Premature deaths (^a) C₀=20	SOMO35 (^e)	Premature deaths
Austria	8 507	12.9	5 570	19.2	1 140	4 423	260
Belgium	11 181	13.7	8 340	21.9	1 870	2 297	190
Bulgaria	7 246	24	13 620	16.5	740	2 519	200
Croatia	4 247	15.6	4 430	15.7	300	4 503	180
Cyprus	1 172 (^d)	17	600	12.8	20	5 426	30
Czech Republic	10 512	18.6	10 810	16.8	550	3 822	310
Denmark	5 627	11.6	3 470	11	130	2 611	110
Estonia	1 316	8.7	750	9	10	1 991	20
Finland	5 451	7.4	2 150	8.3	40	1 615	60
France	63 798	11	34 880	17.7	9 330	3 786	1 630
Germany	80 767	13.4	66 080	20.2	12 860	3 287	2 220
Greece	10 927	17	11 870	14.9	1 660	5 926	570
Hungary	9 877	17.3	11 970	17.1	1 210	3 620	350
Ireland	4 606	9	1 480	6.1	10	868	20
Italy	60 783	15.8	59 630	22.5	17 290	5 569	2 900
Latvia	2 001	14.1	2 190	12.3	60	2 213	50
Lithuania	2 943	15.5	3 350	12.5	60	2 457	70
Luxembourg	550	11.9	230	19.9	40	2 872	10
Malta	425	12	220	16	10	6 946	20
Netherlands	16 829	13.8	11 200	21.9	2 560	2 244	250
Poland	38 018	23	46 020	15.1	1 700	3 425	970
Portugal	9 919	8.7	5 170	13.7	610	3 519	280
Romania	19 947	17.5	23 960	16.5	1 860	1 842	350
Slovakia	5 416	19.1	5 160	15.2	100	4 344	160
Slovenia	2 061	15.1	1 710	15	60	5086	80
Spain	44 229	10.7	23 180	19.9	6 740	5 436	1 600
Sweden	9 645	7.6	3 710	9.9	130	2 318	150
United Kingdom	64 351	11.6	37 600	22.2	14 050	1 337	590
Andorra	77	10	40	15	< 1	6 692	< 5
Albania	2 896	16.5	1 670	14.8	90	4 376	60
Bosnia and Herzegovina	3 827	15.3	3 450	15.1	110	3 852	120
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia	2 066	27.4	3 060	16	60	3 215	50
Iceland	326	6.6	80	10.9	< 5	218	<1
Kosovo (^b)	1 805	26.4	3 290	13.6	10	3 149	60
Liechtenstein	37	9	20	18.5	< 5	4 360	<5
Monaco	38	12.9	20	24.5	< 10	7 112	<5
Montenegro	622	15.6	550	14	< 5	4 012	20
Norway	5 108	7.2	1 560	12.4	190	2 113	60
San Marino	33	13.5	30	14.7	< 5	5 949	< 5
Serbia	7 147	21.5	10 770	19.6	1 380	2 668	190
Switzerland	8 140	11.6	4 240	20.9	980	4 417	220
Total (^c)	534 471	14.1	428 000	18.6	78 000	3 501	14 400
EU-28 (^c)	502 351	14.0	399 000	18.7	75 000	3 507	13 600

Source: based on Air quality in Europe 2017, p 57-58

Notes:
(a) In the report, for PM_2.5, calculations have been made using a counterfactual concentration (C0) of 0 μg/m3, as in previous years and a C0 of 2.5 μg/m3 to take into account the estimated European background concentration. For NO₂, calculations have been made using C0 values of 20 and 10 μg/m3 (see explanations in the main text of the report).
(b) Under the UN Security Council Resolution 1244/99.
(c) Total and EU-28 figures are rounded to the nearest thousand (except for ozone, nearest hundred). The national totals to the nearest 10.
(d) Includes the areas of the Republic of Cyprus not under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.
(e) The annual mean (in μg/m3) and the SOMO35 (in μg/m3 .days), expressed as population weighted concentration, is obtained according to the methodology described by ETC/ACM (2017b) and not only from monitoring stations.

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Cleaner air benefits human health and climate change Thanks to legislation, technology and moves away from heavily polluting fossil fuels in many countries, Europe’s air quality has been improving in recent decades. However, many people continue to be negatively affected by air pollution, especially in cities. Given its complexity, tackling air pollution requires taking coordinated action at many levels. To get citizens involved, providing them timely information in an accessible way is essential. Our recently launched Air Quality Index does just that. Improvements in air quality would not only benefit our health, but could also help tackle climate change.

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Premature deaths attributable to PM2.5, NO2 and O3 exposure in 41 European countries and the EU-28, 2014