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Environmental information systems
The indicator shows the number of annual premature deaths attributable to exposure to fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) and the related zero-pollution action plan objective for 2030. Premature deaths are derived from a health risk assessment approach based on World Health Organization Europe recommendations measuring the general impact of air pollution across a given population.
Overall, the air quality in Iceland remains good, and, in 2022, the levels of particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM2.5) were within both the EU annual limit and the World Health Organization guidelines. The primary sources of PM2.5 in urban areas are traffic and natural events such as volcanic activity and sandstorms. Since 2005, emissions have decreased due to several factors, including improved pollution control systems in vehicles, the increased adoption of electric cars and the reduced use of studded tyres in Reykjavík. In addition, the resistance of asphalt road surfaces to tyre wear has increased, and studded tyres are now less erosive. Changes in weather patterns and volcanic activity can also contribute to significant year-to-year variations in emissions.
The highest concentrations of PM2.5 each year are typically observed during fireworks displays on New Year’s Eve, with a peak 10-minute average of 1 440 μg/m³ measured in 2019. The Directorate of Health has noted an increase in respiratory issues reported at hospitals in Reykjavík as a result. Over the last three years, Iceland has experienced higher daily average PM2.5 levels as a result of eruptions on the Reykjanes peninsula.