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Indicator Fact Sheet
Assessment made on 01 Apr 2007
Electricity and heat production from public thermal power plants is a significant source of both air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Reduction of these power sector emissions is needed to achieve the greenhouse gas emission reductions for the whole society as agreed under the Kyoto Protocol and that of air pollutants as agreed under the NEC directive. Understanding what is driving the trend in emissions from public electricity and heat production can help identify successful policies for reducing the environmental impacts of this sector.
Public electricity and heat production is the most important source of CO2 emissions (around one-third of all CO2 emissions) and is the largest and second largest source respectively of SO2 and NOx emissions (the largest for the latter being transport). There are generally four ways of reducing the environmental pressures from producing a given output of electricity and heat, i.e. not accounting for a reduced demand:
As a result of these measures, the emissions of public power production were reduced between 1990 and 2004 despite a 33% increase in the amount of public electricity and heat produced.
a) CO2 emissions:
Emissions of CO2 from public electricity and heat production in the EU-25 decreased by 1.6 % between 1990 and 2004. However, if the structure of electricity and heat production had remained unchanged from 1990 (i.e. if the shares of input fuels used to produce electricity and heat had remained constant and the efficiency of electricity and heat production also stayed the same), then by 2004 emissions of CO2 would have increased by 33% above their 1990 levels, in line with the additional amount of electricity and heat produced. The relationship between the increase in electricity generation and the actual reduction in emissions during 1990-2004 can be explained by the following factors:
These three factors interact with each other in a multiplicative way: Actual CO2 emissions reduction = 1.33 (increase in electricity production) X 0.85 (efficiency improvement) X 0.85 (fossil fuel switching) X 1.02 (increase in nuclear and renewable share)3 = 0.98. The combined effect was a reduction of 1.6% in CO2 emissions in 2004 compared to the 1990 level.
Linking the changes in CO2 emissions to specific policies that have been targeted at public electricity and heat production is difficult. Furthermore, a number of the policy measures such as the Directive on renewable electricity (2001/77/EC), the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (2003/87/EC) and the Large Combustion Plant Directive (2001/80/EC) may have had a limited effect in the time series covered (1990-2004). More detailed analysis concerning total energy consumption has been undertaken for Germany and the UK (Fraunhofer Institute, 2001), which suggests that around 60 % of the reductions in total energy-related CO2 emissions in the two countries are the result of special circumstances (unification in Germany which led to the closure of many inefficient, coal-fired power plants and energy market liberalisation in the UK) rather than being directly attributable to the effects of climate-related policies. It is likely that an analysis specifically looking at public power production in the two countries would indicate similar conclusions. However, the impact of new policies, in particular the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, are likely to have a greater influence in the future.
b) SO2 emissions:
Emissions of SO2 from public electricity and heat production in the EU fell by 71% over the period 1990 to 2004. As per CO2 emissions, if the structure of power production had remained unchanged from 1990 then by 2004 emissions of SO2 would have increased by 33% above their 1990 levels, in line with the additional amount of electricity and heat produced. This decoupling of SO2 emissions and electricity and heat production over the period 1990 to 2004 has been due to:
In a similar manner to CO2 emissions the overall multiplicative impact of these individual influencing factors was a 71% reduction in SO2 emissions in 2004 compared to 1990 levels. The increased utilisation of coal plants has in recent years meant that the decline in SO2 emissions has slowed, although the significant specific reductions being achieved by flue gas desulphurisation mean that SO2 emissions have continued to fall in absolute terms.
c) NOx emissions:
Emissions of NOx from public electricity and heat production in the EU fell by 45% over the period 1990 to 2004. If the structure of power production had remained unchanged from 1990 then by 2004 emissions of NOx would have increased by 33% above their 1990 levels, in line with the additional amount of electricity and heat produced. This decoupling of NOx emissions and electricity and heat production over the period 1990 to 2004 has been due to:
The overall effect was a 45% reduction in NOx emissions in 2004 compared to 1990 levels. However NOx emissions stayed at similar levels in the period 2000 to 2004. In a similar manner to that for CO2 emissions, this trend is linked to an increased use of coal and lignite for electricity and heat production from 1999/2000 onwards.
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/en09-emissions-co2-so2-and or scan the QR code.
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