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Indicator Assessment
The data analysed from selected stations in major urban agglomerations indicate that during the period 1999-2008 mean values of NO2 concentrations at road traffic stations remain relatively stable (trend is smaller than the statistical uncertainty on estimate). An increase is observed after 2003 in the maximum observed concentrations and although a slight reduction is observed in 2007, a further increase is noted in 2008. The background concentrations remain relatively stable throughout the period 1999-2008. For PM10, a slight increase was observed in 2003 in the maximum background concentrations, but these have followed a downward trend since. The trend in the maximum PM10 concentration at traffic stations varies during the period 2002-2008, with a downward trend observed between 2002-2004, an increase in 2006 and a downward trend thereafter. Throughout the period 2002-2007 mean traffic and mean background concentrations remain relatively stable, with a slight downward trend observed in recent years.
In 2008 road transport still remained by far the largest contributor to NOx emissions in the EEA and the second largest contributor to O3 precursor and particulate formation precursor gases such as CO, NH3, NMVOC. It is also the third largest contributor to PM10 emissions, though it should be noted that the largest part of primary particulate emissions from road transport are PM2.5, where road transport is the second largest contributor. Despite the significant reduction in NMVOC, CO, SO2, NOx and PM10 road transport emissions achieved since 1990 across the EEA, the decrease in emissions does not appear to have a statistically significant influence on the air quality in urban agglomerations and the increase in the number of vehicles is off-setting the technological and fuel quality improvements.
During the period 1999-2008 the maximum NO2 concentration at traffic stations is observed in London, whereas the maximum background concentration is observed in Paris. The maximum PM10 traffic value during 2002-2006 was observed in Rome, but as data from the traffic station was not available in 2007 and 2008 the maximum PM10 traffic value for these years was observed in London. The maximum background concentration during the period 2002-2008 was systematically observed in Prague, with the exception of 2005 when it was observed in Bratislava.
This indicator compares concentrations of pollutants at background stations to those at traffic stations. This comparison provides an estimate of the increased levels of air pollution to which the population is exposed in areas with increased road traffic. It also provides a measure of the impact of the technical and non-technical measures adopted to reduce the road transport sector's contribution to observed concentrations.
The indicator makes use of the data submitted to Airbase. Data permitting, pan-European coverage is attempted and the indicator focuses on selected station pairs (traffic and urban background stations) from capital cities across Europe. Where data in capital cities are not available, the next largest city is chosen.
The units used in this indicator are the average yearly, daily and weekly variations of the concentrations at traffic and urban background stations, measured in micrograms per cubic metre (mg/m3).
This indicator provides information relevant for current European air quality legislation related to the setting of national emission targets (National Emission Ceiling Directive 2001/81/EC), the reduction of transport related emissions (discussed in detail in TERM 34) and the protection of human health from harmful air pollutant levels (Directives 1999/30/EC for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter and 2002/3/EC for ozone, both discussed in detail in CSI 004). The Directive on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (Directive 2008/50/EC) also sets target and limit values for PM2.5 (particulate matter that passes through a size-selective inlet with a 50 % efficiency cut-off at 2.5 micrometres aerodynamic diameter), since 2010.
EU limit values for concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in ambient air
Both limit values had to be met by 1 January 2010:
EU limit values for concentrations of PM10 in ambient air
Both limit values had to be met by 1 January 2005:
EU limit values for concentrations of other pollutants:
- sulphur dioxide
Two limit values have been set for the protection of human health. Both limit values had to be met by 1 January 2005
- ozone
A combined ozone and acidification abatement strategy has been developed by the European Commission, resulting in a new Ozone Daughter Directive (2002/3/EC) and a National Emission Ceiling Directive (2001/81/EC). In this legislation, target values for ozone levels and for precursor emissions have been set.
Concentrations
Data submitted to Airbase have been used. The average diurnal variation was obtained by averaging each hour of the hourly data available at the selected measurement station. Average weekly variation was obtained by averaging the daily average for each day of the week (hourly or average daily data were used, depending on data availability) at the selected measurement station. Average yearly data were obtained from average hourly or average daily data, whichever were available at the selected measurement station (see data availability table for details). For all of the above, data gaps were not filled in.
No gap-filling is applied for this indicator, however, the databases and spreadsheets used for the production of the indicator contain gap-filled values.
No methodology references available.
Air quality data are officially submitted. It is assumed that data have been validated by the national data supplier. Station characteristics and representativeness are often insufficiently documented. The data are thought to be representative for the urban population in each city. Locally, (at the city level) the indicator is subject to year-on-year variations due to meteorological variability.
No uncertainty has been specified
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives/exceedances-of-air-quality-objectives-5 or scan the QR code.
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