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Indicator Assessment
Low and zero-sulphur fuel use in the EU
Note: The graph shows share of low and zero sulphur fuels (petrol and diesel) in the EU and Switzerland in 2007.
European Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/pdf/fqm_summary_2007.pdf
Share of biofuels in transport fuels
Note: The graph shows the share of biofuels in transport fuels in EEA countries in 1995, 2000 and 2008. The 2005, 2010 and 2020 targets are also shown in the same graph.
Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/data/database
Table:nrg_102a, unit: 1000toe Thousands tons of oil equivalent (TOE), tj_ncv Terajoules (Net calorific value = NCV), indic_en: 101900 Final energy consumption – Transport, product:, 3230 Motor Spirit, 3260 Gas / Diesel Oil
Table: nrg_1073a, unit: tj_ncv Terajoules (Net calorific value = NCV), indic_en: 101900 Final energy consumption – Transport, product: 5545 Biofuels
Final energy consumption in the transport sector in EEA
Note: This table shows final energy consumption from petrol, diesel and biofuels in the EEA countries in 1995, 2000 and 2008. Fuel shares in final energy consumption are also shown for the same fuel types.
Eurostat: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/energy/data/database
Table: nrg_102a, unit: 1000toe Thousands tons of oil equivalent (TOE), tj_ncv Terajoules (Net calorific value = NCV), indic_en: 101900 Final energy consumption – Transport, product:, 3230 Motor Spirit, 3260 Gas / Diesel Oil
Table: nrg_1073a, unit: tj_ncv Terajoules (Net calorific value = NCV), indic_en: 101900 Final energy consumption – Transport, product: 5545 Biofuels
The share of biofuels in the EU-27 in 2008 was rather low, accounting for 3.4 % of all petrol and diesel sold for transport purposes (reported biofuels consumption as a percentage of total petrol and diesel consumption). This share has more than tripled over the past three years; however more effort is needed to reach the 5.75 % objective by the end of 2010. Austria, Germany, France and Slovakia have the highest shares of biofuels sold in their markets, having already reached the 2010 target.
The EU Biofuels Directive has lead to the creation of favourable legislative frameworks in most Member States and has therefore triggered rapid market implementation of biofuels. By now all Member States have set national targets, most of them aiming for the proposed 5.75 % market share by 2010 or earlier. France has set a higher target of 7 %, whereas the Czech Republic, Italy, Slovenia and the United Kingdom have set lower targets for 2010 (5.55 %, 2.5 %, 5 % and 3.5 % respectively). Germany has set different targets for ethanol and biodiesel (3.6 % and 6.17 % respectively). Each EU Member State has to send annual reports to the EC, stating the implemented measures, the annual biofuel production and the market share achieved.
A reduction in the sulphur content of petrol and diesel fuels is expected to have a large impact on exhaust emissions as it will enable the introduction of more sophisticated after-treatment systems. Although sulphur reduction is mainly aimed at long-term durability and fuel efficiency with advanced aftertreatment systems, such as NOx storage catalysts and diesel particulate filters, short-term effects are also important in view of the potential impact on the existing vehicle fleet.
With the latest addition of Bulgaria, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Slovakia, all EU member states have abandoned the sale of regular (350 ppm sulphur) petrol and diesel fuel. The combined penetration of low and zero-sulphur fuels in the EU-27 has reached 100 % in 2007, meaning that the specifications for petrol and diesel in 2005 are met.
In view of the 2009 (10 ppm) mandate, many Member States have introduced incentives to promote zero-sulphur fuels. Some member states (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands and Sweden) are already offering only zero-sulphur fuel. At the other end of the scale, some other member states (Bulgaria, Luxembourg, Cyprus, Malta and Slovenia) do not yet offer zero-sulphur fuels in their markets.
A ratio is used to determine the share of renewable energy in transport consumption (RES-T) of a Member State. Article 3 (4) of the RES Directive defines this ratio.
The denominator of the ratio is the total amount of energy consumed in transport. This is calculated using only petrol, diesel, biofuels consumed in road and rail transport, and electricity.
The numerator of the ratio is the amount of energy from renewable sources consumed in transport. All types of energy from renewable sources consumed in all forms of transport are considered.
To calculate the numerator and the denominator of the share of RES-T, the amount of electricity produced from renewable sources and consumed in all types of electric vehicle is used. Member States may use either the average share of electricity from renewable sources in the Community, or the share of electricity from renewable energy sources in their own country, measured 2 years before the year in question. Furthermore, to calculate the amount of electricity from renewable energy sources consumed by electric road vehicles, a figure for consumption of 2.5 times the energy content of the electricity input from renewable sources is used.
Final energy consumption of biofuels, petrol and diesel, and electricity for transport are measured in kilotonnes of oil equivalent (ktoe). The decision to use ktoe as the main calculation unit was made because of the choice of reporting units in the Template for Member State progress reports under Directive 2009/28/EC.
In April 2009, Directive 2009/30/EC was adopted, which revised the Fuel Quality Directive [Directive 98/70/EC]. It amends a number of elements of petrol and diesel specifications, as well as introducing, in Article 7a, a requirement that fuel suppliers reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of energy supplied for road transport (Low Carbon Fuel Standard). Fuel suppliers must reduce emissions by 6-10 % by 2020 (relative to 2010 fossil fuels). In addition, the Directive establishes sustainability criteria that must be met by biofuels if they are to count towards the greenhouse gas intensity reduction obligation.
The EU Biofuels Directive has created a legislative framework in EU Member States and has therefore triggered rapid market availability of biofuels. In 2010, the share of biofuels in the EU-28 was 5.2 % of all petrol and diesel sold for transport purposes. This was still somewhat below the original 5.75 % policy objective, under Directive 2003/30/EC, to be achieved by the end of 2010. These targets were subsequently revised following the adoption of Directive 2009/28/EC — which was subsequently amended in 2013 and again in 2015 — on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources (repealing two previous Directives). The revision sees the share of renewable energy to be used in transport rising to a minimum of 10 % in every Member State by 2020. The new directive on renewable energy also aims to ensure that only sustainable biofuels that generate a clear and net greenhouse gas saving and have no negative impact on biodiversity and land use are used in the EU. Only biofuels that comply with the sustainability criteria under the Renewable Energy Directive are to be counted towards this target and, therefore, proper monitoring is only possible from 2010. In addition, to stimulate the growth of certain shares of renewable energy sources in transport, renewable electricity in electric road vehicles is considered to be 2.5 times the energy content of the electricity input from renewable energy sources. Similarly, the contribution of biofuels produced from wastes, residues, non-food cellulosic material, and ligno-cellulosic material is considered to be twice that of other biofuels. Nevertheless, the 10 % target is expected to be met primarily through biofuels. Also, each Member State shall seek to achieve a minimum level of biofuel consumption, taking effect from April 2017. A reference value for this target is a 0.5 percentage point growth in the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport by 2020, to be met with biofuels produced in feedstocks and other fuels listed in part A of Annex IX.
Member States are required to report to the Commission annually on:
The RED (2009/28/EC) set a target for all Member States of a 10 % share of renewable energy in transport by 2020.
On 14 June 2018, the Commission, the Parliament and the Council reached a political agreement for which Member states must require fuel suppliers to supply a minimum of 14 % of the energy consumed in road and rail transport by 2030 as renewable energy. In addition, the share of advanced biofuels and biogas must be at least 1 % in 2025 and at least 3.5 % in 2030.
The White Paper (EC, 2011) provides objectives for decarbonising transport fuels in aviation and shipping: 'Low carbon sustainable fuels in aviation to reach 40 % by 2050; also by 2050 reduce emissions from maritime bunker fuels by 40 % (if feasible 50 %) compared to 2005 levels.' In both sectors, it is anticipated that the majority of these targets would need to be met through the utilisation of sustainable biofuels.
The share of renewable energy sources in transport is calculated by dividing renewable energy consumption by total energy consumption, including that of petrol and diesel.
The ratio determining a Member State’s RES-T share is defined in Article 3 (4) of the RES Directive. To calculate the denominator of the ratio, the consumption of petrol and diesel for transport, biofuels used in road and rail transport, and electricity used in any mode of transport are taken into account. For the numerator, compliant biofuels (liquid and gaseous) used in all modes of transport, and employing the respective multipliers where applicable (2x renewable electricity in transport and 2.5x for road transport as defined in Article 21(2)), plus hydrogen of renewable origin in all modes of transport and other forms of renewable energy consumed in the transport sector are also taken into account.
No gap-filling is applied.
No uncertainty has been specified.
The data are collected on an annual basis by the European Commission and can be considered reliable and accurate. The requirement for data collection for low- and zero-sulphur fuels and biofuels is mandatory, and the results are harmonised at the EU level.
No uncertainty has been specified.
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative-fuels/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative-3 or scan the QR code.
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