(dp1 S'result' p2 (dp3 S'rows' p4 (lp5 (ccopy_reg _reconstructor p6 (csparql IRI p7 c__builtin__ object p8 NtRp9 (dp10 S'value' p11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/hazardous-substances-in-marine-organisms-3/assessment p12 sbg6 (csparql Literal p13 g8 NtRp14 (dp15 S'lang' p16 Ven p17 sS'datatype' p18 Nsg11 VHazardous substances in marine organisms p19 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp20 (dp21 g16 Nsg18 S'http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime' p22 sg11 V2019-08-08T12:20:07Z p23 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp24 (dp25 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:52:28Z p26 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp27 (dp28 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-10-21T10:47:47Z p29 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp30 (dp31 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p32 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp33 (dp34 g16 Ven p35 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.6.1 p36 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp37 (dp38 g16 Ven p39 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Concentrations of eight hazardous substances in European seas were generally 'low' or 'moderate' in line with the results of the previous assessment (2015). In some cases, however, the way we have traditionally defined 'moderate' levels meant that EU environmental quality standards (EQS) were exceeded. Any concentrations of hazardous substances exceeding EQS are unacceptable for marine organisms. \u000a In general, concentrations in European Seas were 'moderate' for cadmium, mercury, lead, hexachlorobenzene, DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), polychlorinated biphenyls and benzo[a]pyrene. Both 'moderate' and 'high' concentrations of mercury exceeded the EQS and were found in a significant proportion of all seas.  'High' concentrations for hexachlorobenzene and benzo[a]pyrene, exceeding the EQS particularly in the case of the latter, were also found across all seas. Concentrations of lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) were 'high' in the Mediterranean sea and generally low elsewhere. \u000a Polychlorinated biphenyl levels appear to be decreasing in the North-East Atlantic Ocean. This suggests that policy measures and initiatives to decrease inputs of these substances in the region have had some success. For the remaining seven hazardous substances, it appears that the impact of abatement policies in this region might have stabilised. \u000a Abatement policies for all eight hazardous substances have been in effect for the Baltic Sea, but no downward trends could be identified in the current assessment, indicating that the impact of such policies might have stabilised. \u000a Because of insufficient data coverage, a comprehensive assessment all eight hazardous substances for the Mediterranean Sea could not be conducted.  Available data for this region indicates that policies to reduce pollution have had an impact 'though. \u000a The Black Sea is not included in this assessment due to lack of data. \u000a p40 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp41 (dp42 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p43 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp44 (dp45 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-165-en p46 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp47 (dp48 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI049, MAR001 p49 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp50 (dp51 g16 Ven p52 sg18 Nsg11 Vaydinmus p53 sbtp54 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp55 (dp56 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-2/assessment p57 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp58 (dp59 g16 Ven p60 sg18 Nsg11 VEconomic losses from climate-related extremes p61 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp62 (dp63 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-07-01T15:47:32Z p64 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp65 (dp66 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:48Z p67 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp68 (dp69 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-06-01T08:49:35Z p70 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp71 (dp72 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p73 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp74 (dp75 g16 Ven p76 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.4.2 p77 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp78 (dp79 g16 Ven p80 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The total reported economic damage caused by weather and climate-related extremes in the EEA member countries over the period 1980-2013 is almost 400 billion Euro (in 2013 Euro values). The average damage has varied between 7.6 billion Euro per year in the 1980s and 13.7 billion Euro in the 2000s. \u000a The observed differences in reported damage over time are difficult to interpret since a large share of the total deflated losses has been caused by a small number of events. Specifically, more than 70 percent of the damage was caused by only 3 percent of all registered events. \u000a \u000a p81 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp82 (dp83 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p84 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp85 (dp86 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-182-en p87 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp88 (dp89 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM039, CSI042 p90 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp91 (dp92 g16 Ven p93 sg18 Nsg11 Vkurnibla p94 sbtp95 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp96 (dp97 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-cover-use-of-arable/land-cover-use-of-arable p98 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp99 (dp100 g16 Ven p101 sg18 Nsg11 VLand cover, use of arable land - outlook from EEA p102 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp103 (dp104 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-01-07T23:00:00Z p105 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp106 (dp107 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:43:51Z p108 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp109 (dp110 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-06-07T22:00:00Z p111 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp112 (dp113 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p114 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp115 (dp116 g16 Ven p117 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p118 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp119 (dp120 g16 Ven p121 sg18 Nsg11 V Harvested land is expected to continue to be used mainly for fodder and the production of cereals (80% of the total area). p122 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp123 (dp124 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p125 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp126 (dp127 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-69-en p128 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp129 (dp130 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp131 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp132 (dp133 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/public-awareness-1/assessment p134 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp135 (dp136 g16 Ven p137 sg18 Nsg11 VPublic awareness p138 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp139 (dp140 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-06-14T12:25:32Z p141 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp142 (dp143 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:49Z p144 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp145 (dp146 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-08-09T10:15:00Z p147 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp148 (dp149 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p150 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp151 (dp152 g16 Ven p153 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.7.4 p154 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp155 (dp156 g16 Ven p157 sg18 Nsg11 V The majority of European Union citizens have heard of the term "biodiversity", but less than one third know what it means. Additionally, most do not feel informed about biodiversity loss. \u000a However, at least eight out of ten Europeans consider the various effects of biodiversity loss to be serious. \u000a About a quarter of respondents have heard of Natura 2000 network, including 16 % who say they have heard about it but don't know what it is. p158 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp159 (dp160 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p161 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp162 (dp163 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-164-en p164 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp165 (dp166 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VSEBI026 p167 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp168 (dp169 g16 Ven p170 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p171 sbtp172 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp173 (dp174 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-motor-vehicles/assessment-2 p175 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp176 (dp177 g16 Ven p178 sg18 Nsg11 VAverage CO2 emissions from newly registered motor vehicles in Europe p179 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp180 (dp181 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-06-22T07:46:15Z p182 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp183 (dp184 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T15:02:04Z p185 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp186 (dp187 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-08-13T09:23:57Z p188 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp189 (dp190 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p191 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp192 (dp193 g16 Ven p194 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.9 p195 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp196 (dp197 g16 Ven p198 sg18 Nsg11 V The average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from new passenger cars registered in the European Union (EU), Iceland, Norway and the United Kingdom (UK), increased in 2019, for the third consecutive year, rising to 122.4 grams of CO2 per kilometre. \u000a The average CO2 emissions from new vans also increased slightly. In 2019, vans registered in the EU, Iceland, Norway and the UK emitted on average 158.4 g CO2/km, which is 0.5 grams more than in 2018. \u000a Zero- and low-emission vehicles must be deployed much faster across Europe to achieve the targets set for cars (95 gCO2/km in 2021 \u2014 phased-in in 2020) and vans (147 gCO2/km in 2020). p199 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp200 (dp201 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p202 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp203 (dp204 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-457-en p205 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp206 (dp207 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM017 p208 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp209 (dp210 g16 Ven p211 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p212 sbtp213 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp214 (dp215 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-oxygen-content/assessment p216 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp217 (dp218 g16 Ven p219 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean oxygen content p220 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp221 (dp222 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-30T10:54:18Z p223 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp224 (dp225 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:25Z p226 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp227 (dp228 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T14:01:46Z p229 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp230 (dp231 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p232 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp233 (dp234 g16 Ven p235 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p236 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp237 (dp238 g16 Ven p239 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Dissolved oxygen in sea water affects the metabolism of species. Therefore, reductions in oxygen content (i.e. hypoxic or anoxic areas) can lead to changes in the distribution of species, including so called \u2018dead zones\u2019. \u000a Globally, oxygen-depleted areas have expanded very rapidly in recent decades. The number of \u2018dead zones\u2019 has roughly doubled every decade since the 1960s and has increased from about 20 in the 1950s to about 400 in the 2000s. \u000a Oxygen-depleted zones in the Baltic Sea have increased more than 10-fold, from 5 000 to 60 000 km 2 , since 1900, with most of the increase happening after 1950. The Baltic Sea now has the largest dead zone in the world. Oxygen depletion has also been observed in other European seas in recent decades. \u000a The primary cause of oxygen depletion is nutrient input from agricultural fertilisers, causing eutrophication. The effects of eutrophication are exacerbated by climate change, in particular increases in sea temperature and in water-column stratification. \u000a p240 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp241 (dp242 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p243 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp244 (dp245 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-476-en p246 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp247 (dp248 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM054 p249 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp250 (dp251 g16 Ven p252 sg18 Nsg11 Vrekerjoh p253 sbtp254 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp255 (dp256 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-take-3/assessment p257 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp258 (dp259 g16 Ven p260 sg18 Nsg11 VLand take in Europe p261 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp262 (dp263 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-08-09T09:14:48Z p264 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp265 (dp266 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-12-17T09:29:50Z p267 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp268 (dp269 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-13T13:24:38Z p270 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp271 (dp272 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p273 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp274 (dp275 g16 Ven p276 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.8.2 p277 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp278 (dp279 g16 Ven p280 sg18 Nsg11 V Despite a reduction in the last decade (land take was over 1000km2/year between 2000-2006), land take in EU28 still amounted to 539km2/year between 2012-2018. \u000a The net land take concept combines land take with land return to non-artificial land categories (re-cultivation). While some land was re-cultivated in the EU-28 in the period  2000-2018, 11 times more land was taken. \u000a Between 2000 and 2018, 78 % of land take in the EU-28 affected agricultural areas, i.e. arable lands and pastures, and mosaic farmlands. \u000a From 2000 to 2018, land take consumed 0.6 % of all arable lands and permanent crops, 0.5 % of all pastures and mosaic farmlands, and 0.3 % of all grasslands into urban areas. \u000a In proportion to their area, Cyprus, the Netherlands and Albania saw the largest amount of land take between 2000 and 2018. \u000a The  re-cultivation of land increased from 2012 to 2018, led by Luxembourg, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Belgium.   \u000a The main drivers of land take during 2000-2018 were industrial and commercial land use as well as extension of residential areas and construction sites. \u000a   p281 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp282 (dp283 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p284 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp285 (dp286 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-19-en p287 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp288 (dp289 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI014, LSI001 p290 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp291 (dp292 g16 Ven p293 sg18 Nsg11 Vwasseeva p294 sbtp295 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp296 (dp297 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-11/assessment p298 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp299 (dp300 g16 Ven p301 sg18 Nsg11 VPrimary and final energy consumption in Europe p302 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp303 (dp304 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-04T14:54:56Z p305 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp306 (dp307 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T15:22:25Z p308 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp309 (dp310 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-18T13:47:51Z p311 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp312 (dp313 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p314 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp315 (dp316 g16 Ven p317 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.8 p318 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp319 (dp320 g16 Ven p321 sg18 Nsg11 V The EU is struggling to reduce its energy consumption and is at risk of not meeting its 2020 energy efficiency target. In 2019, while primary energy consumption (for all energy uses, including transformation into electricity or heat) dropped for the second consecutive year, final energy consumption (by end users) remained stable at its highest level since 2010. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to significantly reduce energy consumption in 2020. However, substantial changes in the energy system will be necessary to achieve the EU\u2019s energy objectives and climate neutrality by 2050. p322 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp323 (dp324 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p325 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp326 (dp327 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p328 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp329 (dp330 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p331 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp332 (dp333 g16 Ven p334 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p335 sbtp336 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp337 (dp338 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-temperature-1/assessment p339 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp340 (dp341 g16 Ven p342 sg18 Nsg11 VWater temperature p343 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp344 (dp345 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-12T14:57:36Z p346 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp347 (dp348 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:30Z p349 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp350 (dp351 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-20T12:06:10Z p352 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp353 (dp354 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p355 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp356 (dp357 g16 Ven p358 sg18 Nsg11 V2012 2.0.1 p359 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp360 (dp361 g16 Ven p362 sg18 Nsg11 V \u000a Water temperatures in major European rivers have increased by 1\u20133 °C over the last century. Several time series show increasing lake and river temperatures all over Europe over the last 60 to 90 years. \u000a Lake and river surface water temperatures are projected to increase with further projected increases in air temperature. \u000a \u000a \u000a Increased temperature can result in marked changes in species composition and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. \u000a p363 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp364 (dp365 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p366 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp367 (dp368 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-202-en p369 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp370 (dp371 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM019 p372 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp373 (dp374 g16 Ven p375 sg18 Nsg11 Vkristpet p376 sbtp377 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp378 (dp379 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/diversion-from-landfill-1/assessment p380 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp381 (dp382 g16 Ven p383 sg18 Nsg11 VDiversion of waste from landfill in Europe p384 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp385 (dp386 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-03-24T12:26:03Z p387 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp388 (dp389 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-23T18:30:39Z p390 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp391 (dp392 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-21T14:59:05Z p393 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp394 (dp395 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p396 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp397 (dp398 g16 Ven p399 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 4.0.7 p400 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp401 (dp402 g16 Ven p403 sg18 Nsg11 V A key goal of EU waste policy is to cut the amount of waste sent to landfill. Overall, the amount of landfill waste has decreased ( in 2018 it was  7.6% less than in 2010), even though the total amount of waste generated has continued to increase. The landfill rate \u2014 waste sent to landfill as a proportion of waste generated \u2014 decreased from 23% to 20% in the same period. For some waste streams, such as (mixed) household and similar waste, relatively good progress has been made towards diverting waste from landfill. However, the amount of sorting residues sent to landfill has doubled since 2010. p404 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp405 (dp406 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p407 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp408 (dp409 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-488-en p410 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp411 (dp412 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWST006 p413 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp414 (dp415 g16 Ven p416 sg18 Nsg11 Valvardan p417 sbtp418 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp419 (dp420 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-surface-temperature-4/assessment p421 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp422 (dp423 g16 Ven p424 sg18 Nsg11 VEuropean sea surface temperature p425 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp426 (dp427 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-03-24T12:15:22Z p428 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp429 (dp430 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-30T12:54:45Z p431 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp432 (dp433 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-30T12:54:05Z p434 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp435 (dp436 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p437 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp438 (dp439 g16 Ven p440 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.3.1 p441 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp442 (dp443 g16 Ven p444 sg18 Nsg11 V All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870, particularly since the late 1970s. During the period for which comprehensive data are available (1981-2018), sea surface temperature increased by between 0.2 °C, in the North Atlantic, and 0.5 °C, in the Black Sea, per decade. This increase is projected to continue, although more slowly than that of air temperature over land. The frequency and magnitude of marine heatwaves has also increased significantly globally and in European seas and is projected to continue, with increasing impacts on ecosystems and climate expected. p445 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp446 (dp447 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p448 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp449 (dp450 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-100-en p451 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp452 (dp453 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM013, CSI046 p454 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp455 (dp456 g16 Ven p457 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p458 sbtp459 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp460 (dp461 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-2 p462 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp463 (dp464 g16 Ven p465 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of freshwater resources p466 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp467 (dp468 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-08-26T07:42:33Z p469 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp470 (dp471 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:13Z p472 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp473 (dp474 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-03-22T13:53:26Z p475 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp476 (dp477 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p478 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp479 (dp480 g16 Ven p481 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.5.4 p482 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp483 (dp484 g16 Ven p485 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Despite renewable water is abundant in Europe, signals from long-term climate and hydrological assessments, including on population dynamics, indicate that there was 24% decrease in renewable water resources per capita across Europe between 1960 and 2010, particularly in southern Europe. \u000a The densely populated river basinsin different parts of Europe, which correspond to 11 % of the total area of Europe, continue to be hotspots for water stress conditions, and, in the summer of 2014, there were 86 million inhabitants in these areas. \u000a Around 40 % of the inhabitants in the Mediterranean region lived under water stress conditions in the summer of 2014. \u000a Groundwater resources and rivers continue to be affected by overexploitation in many parts of Europe, especially in the western and eastern European basins. \u000a A positive development is that water abstraction decreased by around 7 % between 2002 and 2014. \u000a Agriculture is still the main pressure on renewable water resources. In the spring of 2014, this sector used 66 % of the total water used in Europe. Around 80 % of total water abstraction for agriculture occurred in the Mediterranean region.  The total irrigated area in southern Europe increased by 12 % between 2002 and 2014, but the total harvested agricultural production decreased by 36 % in the same period in this region. \u000a On average, water supply for households per capita is around 102 L/person per day in Europe, which means that there is 'no water stress'. However, water scarcity conditions created by population growth and urbanisation, including tourism, have particularly affected small Mediterranean islands and highly populated areas in recent years. \u000a Because of the huge volumes of water abstracted for hydropower and cooling, the hydromorphology and natural hydrological regimes of rivers and lakes continue to be altered. \u000a The targets set in the water scarcity roadmap, as well as the key objectives of the Seventh Environment Action Programme in the context of water quantity, were not achieved in Europe for the years 2002\u20132014. \u000a p486 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp487 (dp488 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p489 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp490 (dp491 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-11-en p492 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp493 (dp494 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI018, WAT001 p495 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp496 (dp497 g16 Ven p498 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p499 sbtp500 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp501 (dp502 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/forest-fire-danger-4/assessment p503 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp504 (dp505 g16 Ven p506 sg18 Nsg11 VForest fires in Europe p507 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp508 (dp509 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-29T08:06:49Z p510 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp511 (dp512 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-30T12:51:23Z p513 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp514 (dp515 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-30T12:50:42Z p516 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp517 (dp518 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p519 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp520 (dp521 g16 Ven p522 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.3.1 p523 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp524 (dp525 g16 Ven p526 sg18 Nsg11 V Climate change has increased forest fire risk across Europe. Even so, the burnt area of the Mediterranean region has decreased slightly since 1980, indicating that fire control efforts have been effective. However, in recent years, forest fires have affected regions in central and northern Europe not typically prone to fires, and, in 2018, more countries suffered large fires than ever before, coinciding with record droughts and heatwaves. An expansion of fire-prone areas and longer fire seasons are projected in most European regions, so additional adaptation measures are needed. p527 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp528 (dp529 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p530 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp531 (dp532 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-185-en p533 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp534 (dp535 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM035 p536 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp537 (dp538 g16 Ven p539 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p540 sbtp541 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp542 (dp543 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/trends-in-marine-alien-species-mas-3/assessment p544 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp545 (dp546 g16 Ven p547 sg18 Nsg11 VTrends in marine non-indigenous species p548 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp549 (dp550 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-04-01T13:22:57Z p551 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp552 (dp553 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:50:57Z p554 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp555 (dp556 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-10T10:30:41Z p557 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp558 (dp559 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p560 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp561 (dp562 g16 Ven p563 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.6.1 p564 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp565 (dp566 g16 Ven p567 sg18 Nsg11 V Available data show that  around 1 223 non-indigenous species (NIS) are present in the Europe\u2019s seas, of which almost 81% (1 039) were recorded in the period 1949-2017. The species in question consist mostly of invertebrates (approx. 63 %). \u000a The number of NIS is highest in the Mediterranean Sea, where almost 69 % (838) of all NIS have been recorded. A total of 21% (256) were recorded in the North-East Atlantic Ocean, 5 % (66) in the Baltic Sea and 3 % (32) in the Black Sea. \u000a Mean numbers of new NIS recorded in the period of 2006-2011 (calculated for 6 yearly periods)  were 28 species per year. The rate of new NIS recording slowed down to 16 species per year during the 2012-2017 period. \u000a More than 80 of NIS species were identified as 'invasive alien species' (IAS)  with a high potential to negative impact biodiversity and cause economic and social consequences. p568 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp569 (dp570 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p571 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp572 (dp573 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-344-en p574 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp575 (dp576 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VMAR002 p577 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp578 (dp579 g16 Ven p580 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p581 sbtp582 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp583 (dp584 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-agriculture/assessment p585 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp586 (dp587 g16 Ven p588 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emissions from agriculture in Europe p589 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp590 (dp591 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-14T10:45:09Z p592 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp593 (dp594 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:33:59Z p595 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp596 (dp597 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:33:54Z p598 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp599 (dp600 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p601 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp602 (dp603 g16 Ven p604 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.1.18 p605 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp606 (dp607 g16 Ven p608 sg18 Nsg11 V Greenhouse gas emissions from the agriculture sector are covered by national annual emission targets. Between 2005 and 2019, the EU\u2019s agriculture emissions remained stable. Current national projections only foresee a modest decline of 2% by 2030, compared with 2005 levels, and a 5% reduction with the implementation of currently planned measures. This projected progress remains largely insufficient and highlights the need for further action if Member States are to reach their binding annual targets and the EU its climate neutrality goal by 2050. p609 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp610 (dp611 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p612 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp613 (dp614 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-564-en p615 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp616 (dp617 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM056 p618 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp619 (dp620 g16 Ven p621 sg18 Nsg11 Vqoullcla p622 sbtp623 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp624 (dp625 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-3/assessment-2 p626 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp627 (dp628 g16 Ven p629 sg18 Nsg11 VEconomic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe p630 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp631 (dp632 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-01-24T10:26:43Z p633 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp634 (dp635 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:43Z p636 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp637 (dp638 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-04-02T08:08:11Z p639 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp640 (dp641 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p642 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp643 (dp644 g16 Ven p645 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.4.1 p646 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp647 (dp648 g16 Ven p649 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In the EEA member countries (EEA-33), the total reported economic losses caused by weather and climate-related extremes over the period 1980-2017 amounted to approximately EUR 453 billion (in 2017 Euro values).  \u000a Average annual economic losses in the EEA member countries varied between EUR 7.4 billion over the period 1980-1989, EUR 13.4 billion (1990-1999) and EUR 14.0 billion (2000-2009). Between 2010 and 2017, average annual losses were around EUR 13.0 billion. This high variability makes the analysis of historical trends difficult, since the choice of years heavily influences the trend outcome. \u000a The observed variations in reported economic losses over time are difficult to interpret since a large share of the total deflated losses has been caused by a small number of events. Specifically, more than 70 % of economic losses were caused by less than 3 % of all unique registered events. \u000a In the EU Member States (EU-28), disasters caused by weather and climate-related extremes accounted for some 83 % of the monetary losses over the period 1980-2017. Weather and climate-related losses amounted to EUR 426 billion (at 2017 values). \u000a The most expensive climate extremes in the EU Member States include the 2002 flood in Central Europe (over EUR 21 billion), the 2003 drought and heat wave (almost EUR 15 billion), and the 1999 winter storm Lothar and October 2000 flood in Italy and France (both EUR 13 billion), all at 2017 values. \u000a p650 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp651 (dp652 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p653 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp654 (dp655 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-182-en p656 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp657 (dp658 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM039, CSI042 p659 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp660 (dp661 g16 Ven p662 sg18 Nsg11 Vvannewou p663 sbtp664 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp665 (dp666 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-5/assessment p667 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp668 (dp669 g16 Ven p670 sg18 Nsg11 VGlobal and European sea level p671 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp672 (dp673 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-08T19:21:21Z p674 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp675 (dp676 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:22Z p677 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp678 (dp679 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-27T17:08:25Z p680 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp681 (dp682 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p683 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp684 (dp685 g16 Ven p686 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.4.1 p687 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp688 (dp689 g16 Ven p690 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Global mean sea level in 2016 was the highest yearly average since measurements started in the late 19 th century; it was about 20 cm higher than at the beginning of the 20 th century. \u000a Estimates for the average rate of global sea level rise over the 20 th century range from 1.2 to 1.7 mm/year, with significant decadal variation. The rate of sea level rise since 1993, when satellite measurements became available, has been significantly higher, at around 3 mm/year. \u000a Evidence showing the predominant role of anthropogenic climate change in observed global mean sea level rise and the acceleration of sea level rise during recent decades has strengthened since the publication of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). \u000a All coastal regions in Europe have experienced an increase in absolute sea level, but with significant regional variation. Most coastal regions have also experienced an increase in sea level relative to land, with the exception of the northern Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic coast, which are experiencing considerable land rise as a consequence of post-glacial rebound. \u000a Extreme high coastal water levels have increased at most locations along the European coastline. This increase appears to be predominantly due to increases in mean local sea level rather than to changes in storm activity. \u000a Global mean sea level rise during the 21st century will very likely occur at a higher rate than during the period 1971\u20132010. Process-based models considered in the IPCC AR5 project a rise in sea level over the 21st century (2100 vs. 1986\u20132005 baseline) that is likely (i.e. 66 % probability) in the range of 0.28\u20130.61 m for a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and 0.52\u20130.98 m for a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). However, substantially higher values of sea level rise cannot be ruled out. Several recent model-based studies, expert assessments and national assessments have suggested an upper bound for 21st century global mean sea level rise in the range of 1.5\u20132.5 m. \u000a A recent study extending the IPCC AR5 projections estimates global sea level rise by 2300 to be in the range of 0.8\u20131.4 m for a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and 3.4\u20136.8 m for a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). These values would rise substantially if the largest estimates of sea level contributions from Antarctica over the coming centuries were included. \u000a The rise in sea level relative to land along most European coasts is projected to be similar to the global average, with the exception of the northern Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic coast, which are experiencing considerable land rise as a consequence of post-glacial rebound. \u000a Projected increases in extreme high coastal water levels are likely to mostly be the result of increases in local relative mean sea level in most locations. However, several recent studies suggest that increases in the meteorologically driven surge component could also play a substantial role, in particular along the northern European coastline. \u000a All available studies project that the damages from coastal floods in Europe would increase many-fold in the absence of adaptation, whereby the specific projections depend on the assumptions of the particular study. \u000a p691 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp692 (dp693 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p694 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp695 (dp696 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-193-en p697 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp698 (dp699 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM012, CSI047 p700 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp701 (dp702 g16 Ven p703 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p704 sbtp705 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp706 (dp707 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-motor-vehicles/assessment-1 p708 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp709 (dp710 g16 Ven p711 sg18 Nsg11 VAverage CO2 emissions from newly registered motor vehicles in Europe p712 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp713 (dp714 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-06-21T07:24:26Z p715 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp716 (dp717 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:52Z p718 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp719 (dp720 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-08-13T08:40:55Z p721 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp722 (dp723 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p724 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp725 (dp726 g16 Ven p727 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.9 p728 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp729 (dp730 g16 Ven p731 sg18 Nsg11 V The average carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from new passenger cars registered in the European Union (EU) in 2018 increased for the second consecutive year, reaching 120.4 grams of CO 2 per kilometre.  \u000a Despite the recent increase, new cars sold in 2018 were on average 14 % more efficient than those sold in 2010. \u000a Average annual CO 2 emissions from new light commercial vehicles (vans) increased in 2018 for the first time since Regulation (EU) 510/2011 came in to force. \u000a Despite the recent increase, the average van sold in 2018 was 12 % more efficient than the one sold in 2012.  p732 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp733 (dp734 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p735 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp736 (dp737 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-457-en p738 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp739 (dp740 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM017 p741 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp742 (dp743 g16 Ven p744 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p745 sbtp746 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp747 (dp748 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment-4 p749 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp750 (dp751 g16 Ven p752 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances p753 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp754 (dp755 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-10T10:31:24Z p756 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp757 (dp758 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:40:42Z p759 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp760 (dp761 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-09-09T17:07:50Z p762 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp763 (dp764 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p765 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp766 (dp767 g16 Ven p768 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p769 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp770 (dp771 g16 Ven p772 sg18 Nsg11 V A significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances has been achieved by the 28 EU Member States plus Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey (EEA-33) since 1986. This reduction has been largely driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme Montreal Protocol. \u000a Upon the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol, EEA-33 consumption was approximately 420 000 ozone-depleting potential tonnes. Consumption values of around zero were reached in 2002 and have remained at this level ever since. S ince the early 1990s, th e EU has taken additional measures, in the shape of  EU law,  to reduce the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol and has also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons  in the EU. p773 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp774 (dp775 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p776 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp777 (dp778 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p779 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp780 (dp781 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp782 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp783 (dp784 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/imperviousness-change-1/assessment p785 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp786 (dp787 g16 Ven p788 sg18 Nsg11 VImperviousness and imperviousness change p789 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp790 (dp791 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-30T13:41:00Z p792 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp793 (dp794 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:15Z p795 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp796 (dp797 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-04T12:00:29Z p798 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp799 (dp800 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p801 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp802 (dp803 g16 Ven p804 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.8.2 p805 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp806 (dp807 g16 Ven p808 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Between 2009 and 2012, soil sealing (or imperviousness) increased in most EEA-39 countries by a total of 2 051 km 2 . This corresponds to 0.0356 % of the total EEA-39 area or an annual average increase of 683 km 2 . Overall, this rate of increase is lower than that documented in the 2006-2009 products, although this can be put down to a general overestimation of sealing increase in the 2006 and 2009 datasets.  \u000a In 2012, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.14 % to 16.27 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities.  The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high. \u000a \u000a \u000a \u000a   \u000a \u000a p809 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp810 (dp811 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p812 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp813 (dp814 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-368-en p815 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp816 (dp817 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VLSI002 p818 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp819 (dp820 g16 Ven p821 sg18 Nsg11 Vlangatob p822 sbtp823 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp824 (dp825 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-2/assessment p826 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp827 (dp828 g16 Ven p829 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's population to environmental noise p830 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp831 (dp832 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-09T12:46:06Z p833 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp834 (dp835 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:59Z p836 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp837 (dp838 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-02-22T14:39:20Z p839 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp840 (dp841 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p842 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp843 (dp844 g16 Ven p845 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.1.2 p846 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp847 (dp848 g16 Ven p849 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Noise pollution is a major environmental health problem in Europe. \u000a Road traffic is the most widespread source of environmental noise, with an estimated 120 million people affected by harmful levels. Noise from railways, airports and industry are also important sources of noise. \u000a The European Union's (EU) Seventh Environment Action Programme sets the objective that by 2020 noise pollution in the EU has significantly decreased, moving closer to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels.  \u000a p850 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp851 (dp852 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p853 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp854 (dp855 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p856 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp857 (dp858 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI051, TERM005 p859 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp860 (dp861 g16 Ven p862 sg18 Nsg11 Vperiseul p863 sbtp864 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp865 (dp866 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-of-air-pollutants-from-1/assessment-1 p867 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp868 (dp869 g16 Ven p870 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions and energy use in large combustion plants in Europe p871 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp872 (dp873 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-18T14:40:47Z p874 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp875 (dp876 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T15:41:12Z p877 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp878 (dp879 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T15:40:54Z p880 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp881 (dp882 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p883 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp884 (dp885 g16 Ven p886 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p887 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp888 (dp889 g16 Ven p890 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 2004 and 2019, emissions from large combustion plants in the EU decreased: SO 2 by 89%, nitrogen oxides by 60% and dust by 88%. Declines in emissions and improvements in environmental performance were largely driven by European policy, which sets legally binding emission limit values. The amount of fossil fuels used decreased by 23%, as energy production shifts to climate-friendly sources. Stricter emission limit values and policies aimed at increasing the use of renewable or cleaner fuels are expected to drive further declines in combustion plant emissions in coming years. p891 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp892 (dp893 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p894 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp895 (dp896 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-427-en p897 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp898 (dp899 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VINDP006 p900 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp901 (dp902 g16 Ven p903 sg18 Nsg11 Vantogfed p904 sbtp905 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp906 (dp907 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-generation-4/assessment p908 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp909 (dp910 g16 Ven p911 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste generation in Europe p912 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp913 (dp914 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-07-08T13:40:47Z p915 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp916 (dp917 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-23T09:36:46Z p918 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp919 (dp920 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-22T08:45:53Z p921 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp922 (dp923 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p924 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp925 (dp926 g16 Ven p927 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.9.1 p928 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp929 (dp930 g16 Ven p931 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a More and more waste is being generated. Between 2010 and 2016, total waste generation increased by 3.0 % (almost 74.7 million tonnes) in the EU-28 countries. Absolute total waste (excluding major mineral wastes) increased by 6.0 % (48.1 million tonnes) and generation per capita went up by 70 kg per capita. \u000a In 2016 the water and waste (28.0 %), households (23.0 %) and manufacturing (21.0 %)  sectors  generated the largest shares of waste, excluding major mineral wastes. These three sectors together produce almost 72\u202f% of all waste, excluding major mineral wastes. Between 2010 and 2016, waste generation in the water and waste sector increased by 56 % ( almost 82 million tonnes).  This significant growth was driven mainly by secondary waste generation from the development of waste management systems in countries with growing waste treatment operations. In other sectors, the trend was gradually decreasing.  Waste, excluding major mineral wastes, generated by all economic sectors followed growth in economic development between 2010 and 2016, with only very slight decoupling.  \u000a p932 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp933 (dp934 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p935 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp936 (dp937 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-367-en p938 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp939 (dp940 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI041, WST004 p941 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp942 (dp943 g16 Ven p944 sg18 Nsg11 Vdurmuozl p945 sbtp946 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp947 (dp948 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-of-air-pollutants-from/assessment-1 p949 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp950 (dp951 g16 Ven p952 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions of air pollutants from large combustion plants p953 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp954 (dp955 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-16T08:06:59Z p956 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp957 (dp958 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:56Z p959 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp960 (dp961 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-05T08:56:03Z p962 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp963 (dp964 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p965 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp966 (dp967 g16 Ven p968 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.2.2 p969 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp970 (dp971 g16 Ven p972 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Large combustion plants are responsible for a significant proportion of anthropogenic pollutant emissions. In 2015, large combustion plant emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) accounted for 44 % and 14 %, respectively, of EU-28 totals. \u000a Since 2004, emissions from large combustion plants in the EU-28 have decreased by 77 % for SO 2 , 49 % for NO x and 81 % for dust. \u000a The largest plants (greater than 500 megawatt thermal (MWth)) account for only 24 % of large combustion plants but are responsible for around 80 % of all large combustion plant SO 2 , NO x and dust emissions. In 2015, of a total of 3 418 large combustion plants, 50 % of all emissions came from just 40, 89 and 47 plants for SO 2 , NO x and dust, respectively. \u000a One indicator of the environmental performance of large combustion plants is the ratio between emissions and fuel consumption (i.e. the implied emission factor). The implied emission factors for all three pollutants decreased significantly between 2004 and 2015 for all sizes of large combustion plant. \u000a p973 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp974 (dp975 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p976 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp977 (dp978 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-427-en p979 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp980 (dp981 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VINDP006 p982 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp983 (dp984 g16 Ven p985 sg18 Nsg11 Vgrangmar p986 sbtp987 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp988 (dp989 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-of-ecosystems-to-acidification-14/assessment p990 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp991 (dp992 g16 Ven p993 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone p994 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp995 (dp996 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-10-23T09:53:44Z p997 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp998 (dp999 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:30Z p1000 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1001 (dp1002 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-23T14:53:15Z p1003 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1004 (dp1005 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1006 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1007 (dp1008 g16 Ven p1009 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.1.2 p1010 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1011 (dp1012 g16 Ven p1013 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In the EU-28, critical loads for acidification were exceeded in 7 % of the ecosystem area in 2010, down from 43 % in 1980. The figure also decreased to 7 % of the ecosystem area across all EEA member countries. There are still some areas where the interim objective for reducing acidification, as defined in the EU's National Emission Ceilings Directive, has not been met.  \u000a The EU-28 ecosystem area in which the critical loads for eutrophication were exceeded peaked at 84 % in 1990 and decreased to 63 % in 2010 (55 % in the EEA member countries). The area in exceedance is projected to further decrease to 54 % in 2020 for the EU-28 (48 % in the EEA member countries), assuming current legislation is implemented. The magnitude of the exceedances is also projected to decline considerably in most areas, except for a few 'hot spot' areas in western France and the border areas between Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as in northern Italy. \u000a Looking ahead, only 4 % of the EU-28 ecosystem area (3 % in EEA member countries) is projected to exceed acidification critical loads in 2020 if current legislation is fully implemented. The eutrophication reduction target set in the updated EU air pollution strategy proposed by the European Commission in late 2013, will be met by 2030 if it is assumed that all maximum technically feasible reduction measures are implemented, but it will not be met by current legislation. \u000a For ozone, most of Europe's vegetation and agricultural crops are exposed to ozone levels that exceed the long term objective specified in the EU's Air Quality Directive. A significant fraction is also exposed to levels above the target value threshold defined in the directive. The effect-related concentrations show large year-to-year variations. Over the period 1996-2014, exposure increased before 2006, after which it decreased. During the past six years, the fractions of agricultural crops above the target value were the lowest since 1996. In 2014, the fraction decreased to 18 %, the minimum in the whole series; and mapping results show that the highest values have also decreased. \u000a During the past six years, around two-thirds of the forest area was exposed to ozone concentrations above the critical level set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) for the protection of forests.  \u000a p1014 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1015 (dp1016 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1017 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1018 (dp1019 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-30-en p1020 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1021 (dp1022 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR004, CSI005 p1023 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1024 (dp1025 g16 Ven p1026 sg18 Nsg11 Vozturevr p1027 sbtp1028 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1029 (dp1030 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/abundance-and-distribution-of-selected-species-8/assessment p1031 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1032 (dp1033 g16 Ven p1034 sg18 Nsg11 VAbundance and distribution of selected European species p1035 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1036 (dp1037 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-07-08T09:00:39Z p1038 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1039 (dp1040 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:52Z p1041 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1042 (dp1043 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-08-09T11:39:48Z p1044 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1045 (dp1046 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1047 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1048 (dp1049 g16 Ven p1050 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.7.4 p1051 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1052 (dp1053 g16 Ven p1054 sg18 Nsg11 V Monitoring schemes show significant long-term (25-year) downward trends in common birds (in particular farmland birds) and grassland butterfly population numbers, with no signs of recovery. \u000a Between 1990 and 2016, there was a 9 % decrease in the index of common birds in the 26 EU Member States with bird population monitoring schemes. This decrease is slightly greater (11 %) if figures for Norway and Switzerland are included. The common forest bird index decreased by 3 % (EU) and by 5 % (EU plus Norway and Switzerland) over the same period. \u000a The decline in common farmland bird numbers over the same period was much more pronounced, at 32 % (EU) and 35 % (EU plus Norway and Switzerland).  \u000a The index of grassland butterflies has declined significantly in the 15 EU countries where butterfly monitoring schemes exist. In 2017, the index was 39 % below its 1990 value. \u000a   p1055 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1056 (dp1057 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1058 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1059 (dp1060 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-140-en p1061 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1062 (dp1063 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI050, SEBI001 p1064 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1065 (dp1066 g16 Ven p1067 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p1068 sbtp1069 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1070 (dp1071 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-2/assessment-1 p1072 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1073 (dp1074 g16 Ven p1075 sg18 Nsg11 VExceedance of air quality standards in Europe p1076 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1077 (dp1078 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-19T14:07:16Z p1079 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1080 (dp1081 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-27T15:34:41Z p1082 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1083 (dp1084 g16 Ven p1085 sg18 Nsg11 VNone p1086 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1087 (dp1088 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1089 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1090 (dp1091 g16 Ven p1092 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 0.0.0 p1093 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1094 (dp1095 g16 Ven p1096 sg18 Nsg11 V EU legislation has led to improvements in air quality, with the percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above standards set to protect human health falling between 2000 and 2019. However, poor air quality remains a problem: in 2019, 21% of citizens were exposed to O 3 and 10% to PM 10 above EU limit values. This is mainly due to emissions from transport and buildings, but also from agriculture and industry. Without radical changes to mobility, energy and food systems and industry, it is unlikely that air quality targets will be met in the near future. p1097 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1098 (dp1099 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1100 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1101 (dp1102 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-34-en p1103 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1104 (dp1105 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR003, CSI004 p1106 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1107 (dp1108 g16 Ven p1109 sg18 Nsg11 Vozturevr p1110 sbtp1111 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1112 (dp1113 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-3/assessment-4 p1114 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1115 (dp1116 g16 Ven p1117 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of freshwater resources in Europe p1118 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1119 (dp1120 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-04T07:40:47Z p1121 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1122 (dp1123 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-22T15:01:17Z p1124 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1125 (dp1126 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-23T10:55:53Z p1127 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1128 (dp1129 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1130 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1131 (dp1132 g16 Ven p1133 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.5.4 p1134 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1135 (dp1136 g16 Ven p1137 sg18 Nsg11 V Overall, water abstraction and economic growth in the EU showed absolute decoupling over the period 2000\u20132017. Total water abstraction declined by 17 %, while total gross value added generated from all economic sectors increased by 59 %. However, water scarcity conditions and drought events continue to cause significant risks in southern Europe, as well as in specific areas of other European regions. \u000a Agriculture remained the sector exerting the highest pressure on renewable freshwater resources overall, being responsible for 59 % of total water use in Europe in 2017. This is mainly because of agriculture levels in southern Europe. \u000a In 2017, 64 % of total water abstraction was from rivers and 24 % from groundwater. \u000a Annual renewable freshwater resources per inhabitant showed a decreasing trend across all regions except eastern Europe over the period 1990-2017. Large decreases were observed in Spain (-65 %), Malta (-54 %) and Cyprus (-32 %). Climate change and population increase exerted high pressures on renewable freshwater resources in Europe over this period. \u000a The increasing frequency and magnitude of extreme droughts and floods enhance the risk of there being reduced volumes of renewable freshwater resources in the future. p1138 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1139 (dp1140 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1141 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1142 (dp1143 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-11-en p1144 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1145 (dp1146 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI018, WAT001 p1147 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1148 (dp1149 g16 Ven p1150 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p1151 sbtp1152 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1153 (dp1154 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-of-ecosystems-to-acidification-15/assessment-1 p1155 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1156 (dp1157 g16 Ven p1158 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's ecosystems to ozone p1159 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1160 (dp1161 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-26T07:16:44Z p1162 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1163 (dp1164 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-31T10:14:31Z p1165 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1166 (dp1167 g16 Ven p1168 sg18 Nsg11 VNone p1169 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1170 (dp1171 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1172 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1173 (dp1174 g16 Ven p1175 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p1176 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1177 (dp1178 g16 Ven p1179 sg18 Nsg11 V Ground-level ozone adversely affects not only human health but also vegetation and ecosystems across Europe, leading to decreased crop yields and forest growth, and loss of biodiversity. Much of Europe\u2019s lands is exposed to ozone levels above the threshold and long-term objective values set in the EU\u2019s Ambient Air Quality Directive (AAQD) for the protection of vegetation. For instance, after a 6-year period (2009-2014) of relatively low ozone values, the fraction of arable land exposed to levels above the AAQD threshold increased to 30% in 2015, falling to 19% in 2016, before increasing again to 26% in 2017 and 45% in 2018 and decreased only to 37% in 2019. \u000a \u000a \u000a   \u000a \u000a p1180 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1181 (dp1182 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1183 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1184 (dp1185 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-30-en p1186 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1187 (dp1188 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR004, CSI005 p1189 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1190 (dp1191 g16 Ven p1192 sg18 Nsg11 Vortizalb p1193 sbtp1194 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1195 (dp1196 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emission-trends-8/assessment p1197 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1198 (dp1199 g16 Ven p1200 sg18 Nsg11 VTotal greenhouse gas emissions trends and projections in Europe p1201 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1202 (dp1203 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-22T09:36:02Z p1204 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1205 (dp1206 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T16:56:43Z p1207 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1208 (dp1209 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:53:45Z p1210 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1211 (dp1212 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1213 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1214 (dp1215 g16 Ven p1216 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.1.4 p1217 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1218 (dp1219 g16 Ven p1220 sg18 Nsg11 V Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU decreased by 31% between 1990 and 2020 \u2014 exceeding the EU\u2019s 2020 target by 11 percentage points. This overshoot was propelled by steep emission cuts in 2019 and 2020. While the cut in 2019 was strongly driven by fossil fuel price effects and policy measures, the decline in 2020 was additionally related to the Covid-19 pandemic. EU greenhouse gas emissions are expected to further decline until 2030. Member States have not yet realigned their ambitions to the new net 55% reduction target for 2030, and the further implementation of impactful policies and measures will be important to bring the new 2030 target within reach. p1221 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1222 (dp1223 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1224 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1225 (dp1226 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-37-en p1227 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1228 (dp1229 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM050, CSI010 p1230 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1231 (dp1232 g16 Ven p1233 sg18 Nsg11 Vsporemel p1234 sbtp1235 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1236 (dp1237 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ghg-emissions-outlook-from-mnp/ghg-emissions-outlook-from-mnp-1 p1238 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1239 (dp1240 g16 Ven p1241 sg18 Nsg11 VGHG emissions - outlook from MNP p1242 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1243 (dp1244 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-01-07T23:00:00Z p1245 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1246 (dp1247 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:43:36Z p1248 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1249 (dp1250 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-06-07T22:00:00Z p1251 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1252 (dp1253 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1254 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1255 (dp1256 g16 Ven p1257 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p1258 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1259 (dp1260 g16 Ven p1261 sg18 Nsg11 V The risk of inaction is high, with unabated emissions in the Baseline scenario 1   leading to about a 37% and 52% increase in global emissions in the 2030 and 2050 respectively compared to 2005, with a wide range of impacts on natural and human systems. This unabated emission pathway could lead to high levels of global warming, with long-term average temperatures likely to be at least 4 to 6 C higher than pre-industrial temperatures. The costs of even the most stringent mitigation cases are in the range of a few percent of global GDP in 2050. Thus they are manageable, they are also feasible at limited cost, especially if policies are designed to start early to be cost-effective and to share the burden of costs across all regions.   p1262 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1263 (dp1264 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1265 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1266 (dp1267 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-67-en p1268 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1269 (dp1270 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VOutlook008 p1271 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1272 (dp1273 g16 Ven p1274 sg18 Nsg11 Vvelkavrh p1275 sbtp1276 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1277 (dp1278 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-3/assessment p1279 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1280 (dp1281 g16 Ven p1282 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe p1283 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1284 (dp1285 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-04T14:45:08Z p1286 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1287 (dp1288 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-11T14:02:51Z p1289 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1290 (dp1291 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-08T14:29:57Z p1292 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1293 (dp1294 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1295 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1296 (dp1297 g16 Ven p1298 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.8 p1299 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1300 (dp1301 g16 Ven p1302 sg18 Nsg11 V The EU\u2019s power generation sector is decarbonising. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of power generation is continuously falling across the EU. Supported by EU policies such as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme, the Renewable Energy Directive and legislation addressing air pollutant emissions from industrial installations, there has been a gradual switch from coal to renewable fuels and natural gas, and the efficiency of transformation processes has improved across the sector. By 2019, the GHG emission intensity of electricity generation nearly halved compared with 1990. Were the declining trend of the past decade to continue linearly, EU electricity generation would fully decarbonise by 2050.  Additional policies and measures will be needed to enhance progress, as outlined in the European Commission\u2019s proposals to raise the EU greenhouse gas emission reductions target for 2030 from 40 % to 55 % below 1990 levels and to reach climate neutrality by 2050. p1303 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1304 (dp1305 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1306 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1307 (dp1308 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p1309 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1310 (dp1311 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p1312 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1313 (dp1314 g16 Ven p1315 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p1316 sbtp1317 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1318 (dp1319 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-4/assessment-2 p1320 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1321 (dp1322 g16 Ven p1323 sg18 Nsg11 VGlobal and European sea level p1324 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1325 (dp1326 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-21T17:14:34Z p1327 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1328 (dp1329 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:31Z p1330 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1331 (dp1332 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T15:53:51Z p1333 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1334 (dp1335 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1336 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1337 (dp1338 g16 Ven p1339 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p1340 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1341 (dp1342 g16 Ven p1343 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Global mean sea level has risen by 19.5 cm from 1901 to 2015, at an average rate of 1.7 mm/year, but with significant decadal variation. The rate of sea level rise since 1993, when satellite measurements have been available, has been higher, at around 3 mm/year. Global mean sea level in 2015 was the highest yearly average over the record and ~70 mm higher than in 1993. \u000a Evidence for a predominant role of anthropogenic climate change in the observed global mean sea level rise and for an acceleration during recent decades has strengthened since the publication of the IPCC AR5. \u000a Most coastal regions in Europe have experienced an increase in absolute sea level and in sea level relative to land, but there is significant regional variation. \u000a Extreme high coastal water levels have increased at most locations along the European coastline. This increase appears to be predominantly due to increases in mean local sea level rather than to changes in storm activity. \u000a Global mean sea level rise during the 21st century will very likely occur at a higher rate than during the period 1971\u20132010. Process-based models considered in the IPCC AR5 project a rise in sea level over the 21st century that is likely in the range of 0.26\u20130.54 m for a low emissions scenario (RCP2.6) and 0.45\u20130.81 m for a high emissions scenario (RCP8.5). However, several recent studies suggest substantially higher values. Several national assessments, expert assessments and recent model-based studies have suggested an upper bound for 21st century global mean sea level rise in the range of 1.5\u20132.0 m. \u000a Available process-based models project that global mean sea level rise by 2300 will be less than 1 m for greenhouse gas concentrations that peak and decline and do not exceed 500 ppm CO 2 -equivalent, but will be in the range of 1 m to more than 3 m for concentrations above 700 ppm CO 2 -equivalent. However, these models are likely to systematically underestimate the sea level contribution from Antarctica, and some recent studies suggest substantially higher rates of sea level rise in the coming centuries. \u000a The rise in sea level relative to land along most European coasts is projected to be similar to the global average, with the exception of the northern Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Coast, which are experiencing considerable land rise as a consequence of post-glacial rebound. \u000a Projected increases in extreme high coastal water levels are likely to mostly be the result of increases in local relative mean sea level in most locations. However, recent studies suggest that increases in the meteorologically driven surge component can also play a substantial role, in particular along the northern European coastline. \u000a p1344 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1345 (dp1346 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1347 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1348 (dp1349 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-193-en p1350 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1351 (dp1352 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM012, CSI047 p1353 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1354 (dp1355 g16 Ven p1356 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p1357 sbtp1358 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1359 (dp1360 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/global-and-european-temperature-10/assessment p1361 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1362 (dp1363 g16 Ven p1364 sg18 Nsg11 VGlobal and European temperatures p1365 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1366 (dp1367 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-09-09T10:19:13Z p1368 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1369 (dp1370 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-09T16:14:09Z p1371 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1372 (dp1373 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-09-30T14:10:51Z p1374 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1375 (dp1376 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1377 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1378 (dp1379 g16 Ven p1380 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.4.1 p1381 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1382 (dp1383 g16 Ven p1384 sg18 Nsg11 V Global mean near-surface temperature during the last decade (2010-2019) was 0.94 to 1.03°C warmer than the pre-industrial level, which makes it the warmest decade on record. European land temperatures have increased even faster over the same period, by 1.7 to 1.9°C. All UNFCC member countries have committed in the Paris Agreement to limiting the global temperature increase to well below 2°C above the pre-industrial level and to aim to limit the increase to 1.5°C. Without drastic cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions, even the 2°C limit will already be exceeded before 2050. p1385 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1386 (dp1387 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1388 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1389 (dp1390 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-4-en p1391 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1392 (dp1393 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM001, CSI012 p1394 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1395 (dp1396 g16 Ven p1397 sg18 Nsg11 Vkurnibla p1398 sbtp1399 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1400 (dp1401 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-recycling-1/assessment p1402 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1403 (dp1404 g16 Ven p1405 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste recycling p1406 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1407 (dp1408 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-02-29T09:39:47Z p1409 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1410 (dp1411 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:29Z p1412 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1413 (dp1414 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-13T07:55:00Z p1415 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1416 (dp1417 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1418 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1419 (dp1420 g16 Ven p1421 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.9.1 p1422 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1423 (dp1424 g16 Ven p1425 sg18 Nsg11 V Latest available trends show that recycling rates for both municipal waste and packaging waste have increased substantially: recycling rates for municipal waste increased by 13 percentage points between 2004 and 2014, and recycling rates for packaging waste by 10 percentage points between 2005 and 2013. In 2014, 43 % of the municipal waste generated in the EU-27 and Norway was recycled, while in 2013, 65 % of packaging waste generated was recycled. These improvements are, among others, driven by EU targets for the recycling of these two waste streams introduced in 1994 and 2008, respectively. Higher overall recycling rates for packaging waste compared to municipal waste probably result from the earlier introduction of packaging waste targets, producer responsibility schemes and the relative ease of recycling packaging waste from commercial sources. \u000a For municipal waste, large differences in recycling rates between European countries prevail; in 2014, the rates ranged from 64 % in Germany to 1 % in Serbia. In six countries, recycling rates were equal or higher than 50 %, while five countries recycled less than 20 %. In 2014, 24 countries recycled 55 % or more packaging waste and overall recycling rates ranged from 81 % in Belgium to 41 % in Malta. These differences indicate a large potential for improvement. p1426 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1427 (dp1428 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1429 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1430 (dp1431 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-378-en p1432 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1433 (dp1434 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp1435 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1436 (dp1437 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-motor-vehicles/assessment p1438 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1439 (dp1440 g16 Ven p1441 sg18 Nsg11 VAverage CO2 emissions from newly registered motor vehicles in Europe p1442 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1443 (dp1444 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-05-16T08:52:50Z p1445 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1446 (dp1447 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:11Z p1448 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1449 (dp1450 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-06-11T09:33:09Z p1451 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1452 (dp1453 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1454 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1455 (dp1456 g16 Ven p1457 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.1.2 p1458 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1459 (dp1460 g16 Ven p1461 sg18 Nsg11 V Despite a small increase in annual average CO 2 emissions from passenger cars in 2017, new cars are becoming more efficient. The average car sold in 2017 was almost 16 % more efficient than the average car sold in 2010. \u000a Average annual CO 2 emissions from new light commercial vehicles (vans) continued to decrease in 2017. The average van sold in 2017 was 13 % more efficient than one sold in 2012, when Regulation (EU) 510/2011 came in to force.  \u000a The new 'Worldwide harmonized Light vehicles Test Procedure' (WLTP) was introduced in September 2017. It is anticipated that it will decrease  the divergence between laboratory test and real world emissions.  p1462 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1463 (dp1464 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1465 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1466 (dp1467 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-457-en p1468 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1469 (dp1470 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM017 p1471 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1472 (dp1473 g16 Ven p1474 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p1475 sbtp1476 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1477 (dp1478 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/progress-towards-national-greenhouse-gas/assessment p1479 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1480 (dp1481 g16 Ven p1482 sg18 Nsg11 VProgress towards national greenhouse gas emissions targets in Europe p1483 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1484 (dp1485 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-14T11:03:58Z p1486 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1487 (dp1488 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:52:48Z p1489 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1490 (dp1491 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:52:39Z p1492 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1493 (dp1494 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1495 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1496 (dp1497 g16 Ven p1498 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.1.4 p1499 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1500 (dp1501 g16 Ven p1502 sg18 Nsg11 V EU greenhouse gas emissions covered by national reduction targets decreased by 15% between 2005 and 2020, which is significantly more than the 10% reduction foreseen in the Effort Sharing Decision (ESD). These reductions were largely driven by improvements in energy efficiency and the switch to less carbon intensive fuels, including renewable energy. Preliminary emissions data for 2020 show that 21 EU Member States are expected to be below their national emission targets for that year. Six Member States are expected to have emissions above their 2020 target levels, despite the effects of the measures to address the pandemic. p1503 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1504 (dp1505 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1506 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1507 (dp1508 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-566-en p1509 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1510 (dp1511 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM058 p1512 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1513 (dp1514 g16 Ven p1515 sg18 Nsg11 Vsporemel p1516 sbtp1517 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1518 (dp1519 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ecosystem-coverage-3/assessment p1520 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1521 (dp1522 g16 Ven p1523 sg18 Nsg11 VEcosystem coverage p1524 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1525 (dp1526 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-20T15:42:18Z p1527 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1528 (dp1529 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:09Z p1530 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1531 (dp1532 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-06T16:26:24Z p1533 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1534 (dp1535 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1536 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1537 (dp1538 g16 Ven p1539 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.7.4 p1540 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1541 (dp1542 g16 Ven p1543 sg18 Nsg11 V The coverage of ecosystem  classes under the EU 'Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services' (MAES) framework was affected by change processes between 2006 and 2012, with urbanisation the most dominant process. Urban ecosystems showed the highest net increase both in the EU-28 and in the EEA-39 countries, predominantly at the expense of cropland and grassland.  \u000a A very slight increase in coverage was observed in forest and woodland, while agricultural ecosystems, both cropland and grassland, continued to decrease. \u000a Vulnerable ecosystems such as heathland and sparsely vegetated land (dunes, beaches, sand plains, bare rocks and glaciers) continued to disappear between 2006 and 2012, although the loss of wetlands seems to have levelled off for the first time over the same period. It should be borne in mind, however, that approximately two thirds of European wetlands were lost before the 1990s and their area has subsequently continued to decrease. p1544 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1545 (dp1546 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1547 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1548 (dp1549 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-144-en p1550 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1551 (dp1552 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VSEBI004 p1553 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1554 (dp1555 g16 Ven p1556 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p1557 sbtp1558 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1559 (dp1560 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment-1 p1561 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1562 (dp1563 g16 Ven p1564 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances p1565 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1566 (dp1567 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-02-24T09:11:55Z p1568 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1569 (dp1570 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:20Z p1571 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1572 (dp1573 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-08-29T14:09:34Z p1574 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1575 (dp1576 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1577 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1578 (dp1579 g16 Ven p1580 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.2.2 p1581 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1582 (dp1583 g16 Ven p1584 sg18 Nsg11 V A significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) has been achieved by the EEA-33 countries since 1986. This reduction has largely been driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol. \u000a At the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol, EEA-33 consumption was approximately 420 000 ozone-depleting potential tonnes (ODP tonnes). Consumption values around zero were reached in 2002 and have remained consistently so ever since. The European Union (EU) has taken additional measures to reduce the consumption of ODS by means of EU law since the early 1990s. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol and it has also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the EU. p1585 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1586 (dp1587 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1588 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1589 (dp1590 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p1591 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1592 (dp1593 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp1594 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1595 (dp1596 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/main-anthropogenic-air-pollutant-emissions-1/assessment p1597 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1598 (dp1599 g16 Ven p1600 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions of the main air pollutants in Europe p1601 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1602 (dp1603 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-26T10:32:54Z p1604 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1605 (dp1606 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-13T07:32:50Z p1607 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1608 (dp1609 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-13T07:32:46Z p1610 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1611 (dp1612 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1613 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1614 (dp1615 g16 Ven p1616 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p1617 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1618 (dp1619 g16 Ven p1620 sg18 Nsg11 V The air pollutants ammonia (NH 3 ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO X ), fine particulate matter (PM) and sulphur oxides (SO X ) damage human health and the environment, so reducing their emissions is a priority of both EU and international air quality legislation. Since 2005, emissions of all five pollutants have declined and, by 2012, the emission ceilings set for NH 3 , NMVOCs, NO X and SO X  had been met. However, based on progress so far, it is clear that more effort, particularly in the transport, energy and agriculture sectors, is essential if the EU is to fulfil longer term reduction commitments. p1621 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1622 (dp1623 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1624 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1625 (dp1626 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-366-en p1627 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1628 (dp1629 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR005, CSI040 p1630 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1631 (dp1632 g16 Ven p1633 sg18 Nsg11 Vmolnalea p1634 sbtp1635 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1636 (dp1637 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-4/assessment-1 p1638 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1639 (dp1640 g16 Ven p1641 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe p1642 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1643 (dp1644 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-18T14:36:14Z p1645 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1646 (dp1647 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:30Z p1648 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1649 (dp1650 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-15T15:55:54Z p1651 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1652 (dp1653 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1654 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1655 (dp1656 g16 Ven p1657 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.3.2 p1658 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1659 (dp1660 g16 Ven p1661 sg18 Nsg11 V The consumption of renewable energy continued to increase in 2014. The amount of renewable energy as a share of gross final energy consumption in the EU-28 countries reached 16.0 % in 2014, representing 80 % of the EU's 20 % renewable energy target for 2020. Renewable energy contributed 17.7 % of gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling, 27.5 % of final electricity consumption and 5.9 % of transport fuels consumption in 2014. \u000a In 2014, 27 Member States (i.e. all except the Netherlands) met or exceeded their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), while 22 Member States (i.e. all except France, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland and Portugal) reached or exceeded the indicative trajectories set in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). \u000a In 2014, nine countries ( Bulgaria,   Croatia,  the Czech Republic,   Estonia,  Finland,  Italy,  Lithuania,  Romania and  Sweden ) managed to reach their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020 set under the RED . p1662 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1663 (dp1664 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1665 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1666 (dp1667 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p1668 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1669 (dp1670 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p1671 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1672 (dp1673 g16 Ven p1674 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p1675 sbtp1676 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1677 (dp1678 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-taxes-and-charges/transport-taxes-and-charges-assessment p1679 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1680 (dp1681 g16 Ven p1682 sg18 Nsg11 VTransport taxes and charges p1683 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1684 (dp1685 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-12-15T12:58:15Z p1686 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1687 (dp1688 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:44:47Z p1689 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1690 (dp1691 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2010-07-05T14:34:10Z p1692 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1693 (dp1694 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1695 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1696 (dp1697 g16 Ven p1698 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p1699 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1700 (dp1701 g16 Ven p1702 sg18 Nsg11 V Transport infrastructure charges throughout the EEA region are decreasing, although at the same time the length of the motorway network that is tolled is increasing (strongly territorial road charge). The most widely spread form of taxing is the charges on the possession of vehicles, or use of roads, applicable only to vehicles registered in the country (nationality based charge), although a number of countries through EEA do not apply the tax. The nationality based charges are applied in 20 out of the 32 EEA countries. A number of countries have abolished time band charges (in other words, charges differentiated by the usage time) for the use of the road or motorway network, a practice also referred to as Eurovignette (moderately territorial road charge). Infrastructure charges for rail freight transport are higher in the new EU Member States than in the EU-15. In general, charge levels are still well below marginal cost levels. Infrastructure taxes and charges for aviation vary by country and airport. Some impose charges which internalise some of the external costs of aviation, including congestion and noise. Very few airports apply aircraft emission charges. The indicator does not cover parking charges as well as inland waterways (IWW) and marine infrastructure charges. p1703 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1704 (dp1705 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1706 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1707 (dp1708 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-115-en p1709 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1710 (dp1711 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM022 p1712 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1713 (dp1714 g16 Ven p1715 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p1716 sbtp1717 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1718 (dp1719 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/proportion-of-vehicle-fleet-meeting-5/assessment p1720 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1721 (dp1722 g16 Ven p1723 sg18 Nsg11 VNew registrations of electric vehicles in Europe p1724 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1725 (dp1726 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-08-25T13:22:57Z p1727 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1728 (dp1729 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-12-02T16:41:38Z p1730 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1731 (dp1732 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-03T15:10:00Z p1733 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1734 (dp1735 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1736 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1737 (dp1738 g16 Ven p1739 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.7 p1740 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1741 (dp1742 g16 Ven p1743 sg18 Nsg11 V The uptake of electric vehicles in Europe is increasing, in line with the EU\u2019s policy objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from transport. However, market penetration remains relatively low. In 2019, electric car registrations were close to 550 000 units, having reached 300 000 units in 2018. This represents an increase from 2 to 3.5 % of total car registrations. The uptake of electric vans also increased, from 0.8 % of total registrations in 2018 to 1.3 % in 2019. Battery electric vehicles, rather than plug-in hybrid, accounted for the majority of electric vehicle registrations in 2019 for cars and vans. p1744 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1745 (dp1746 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1747 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1748 (dp1749 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-108-en p1750 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1751 (dp1752 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM034 p1753 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1754 (dp1755 g16 Ven p1756 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p1757 sbtp1758 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1759 (dp1760 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/abundance-and-distribution-of-selected-species-9/assessment p1761 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1762 (dp1763 g16 Ven p1764 sg18 Nsg11 VAbundance and distribution of selected species in Europe p1765 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1766 (dp1767 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-04-26T12:37:03Z p1768 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1769 (dp1770 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-12T13:14:17Z p1771 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1772 (dp1773 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-12T13:14:10Z p1774 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1775 (dp1776 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1777 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1778 (dp1779 g16 Ven p1780 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 1.0.7 p1781 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1782 (dp1783 g16 Ven p1784 sg18 Nsg11 V Birds and butterflies are sensitive to environmental change and can indicate the health of the environment. Long-term monitoring shows significant declines in farmland birds and grassland butterflies. Between 1990 and 2019, the index of 168 common birds decreased by 8% in the 25 EU Member States with monitoring schemes. The decline in common farmland birds over the same period was much more pronounced at 27%, while the common forest bird index increased by 5%. Between 1991 and 2018 the grassland butterfly index also declined strongly, by 25%, in the 19 EU countries with monitoring data. p1785 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1786 (dp1787 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1788 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1789 (dp1790 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-140-en p1791 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1792 (dp1793 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI050, SEBI001 p1794 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1795 (dp1796 g16 Ven p1797 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p1798 sbtp1799 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1800 (dp1801 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-land/assessment p1802 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1803 (dp1804 g16 Ven p1805 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emissions from land use, land use change and forestry p1806 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1807 (dp1808 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-14T10:55:43Z p1809 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1810 (dp1811 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:33:21Z p1812 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1813 (dp1814 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:33:16Z p1815 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1816 (dp1817 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1818 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1819 (dp1820 g16 Ven p1821 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.1.4 p1822 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1823 (dp1824 g16 Ven p1825 sg18 Nsg11 V Through its land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities, the EU currently removes a net total of 249 Mt CO 2 e from the atmosphere every year, equivalent to 7% of its annual greenhouse gas emissions. The sector will play a crucial role in helping the EU achieve net zero emissions by 2050. Doing so will require reversing the current decreasing trend of the EU's  carbon sink . According to national projections from EU Member States, current measures in place will not be sufficient to achieve this, with an average removal of 200 Mt CO 2 e per year in 2030. However, implementing the national measures currently at planning stage could increase the current EU carbon sink by 3%. p1826 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1827 (dp1828 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1829 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1830 (dp1831 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-565-en p1832 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1833 (dp1834 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM057 p1835 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1836 (dp1837 g16 Ven p1838 sg18 Nsg11 Vqoullcla p1839 sbtp1840 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1841 (dp1842 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-energy/assessment p1843 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1844 (dp1845 g16 Ven p1846 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emissions from energy use in buildings in Europe p1847 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1848 (dp1849 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-14T11:07:32Z p1850 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1851 (dp1852 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:46:22Z p1853 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1854 (dp1855 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:46:18Z p1856 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1857 (dp1858 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1859 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1860 (dp1861 g16 Ven p1862 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.2 p1863 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1864 (dp1865 g16 Ven p1866 sg18 Nsg11 V Historical greenhouse gas emissions from the EU buildings sector show a decreasing trend since 2005. This is the result of the implementation of higher standards for new buildings, measures to increase energy efficiency in existing buildings (e.g. through changing of heating systems, thermal insulation and more efficient heating systems), measures to decarbonise the electricity sector but also warmer temperatures. These reductions were partly offset by the increase in dwellings and by a larger average floor area in buildings. The trend in reducing emissions is expected to continue in the future, but a very strong increase in the renovation rate is needed to meet the overall EU 2030 emissions target. p1867 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1868 (dp1869 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1870 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1871 (dp1872 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-567-en p1873 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1874 (dp1875 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM059 p1876 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1877 (dp1878 g16 Ven p1879 sg18 Nsg11 Vquefeste p1880 sbtp1881 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1882 (dp1883 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-generation-5/assessment p1884 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1885 (dp1886 g16 Ven p1887 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste generation and decoupling in Europe p1888 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1889 (dp1890 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-04-14T09:02:49Z p1891 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1892 (dp1893 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-23T09:36:46Z p1894 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1895 (dp1896 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-23T09:36:42Z p1897 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1898 (dp1899 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1900 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1901 (dp1902 g16 Ven p1903 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 4.0.7 p1904 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1905 (dp1906 g16 Ven p1907 sg18 Nsg11 V   \u000a Between 2010 and 2018, total waste generation increased by 5% (114 million tonnes) in the EU-27. When major mineral wastes are excluded from the total, it increased by 7% (50.3 million tonnes). This means that the EU-27 is not on track to meet its policy goal of reducing waste generation. These trends have been driven mainly by economic growth; however, the amount of waste generated increased by a smaller extent than the economy, indicating the relative decoupling of waste generation from economic growth. \u000a   p1908 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1909 (dp1910 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1911 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1912 (dp1913 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-367-en p1914 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1915 (dp1916 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI041, WST004 p1917 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1918 (dp1919 g16 Ven p1920 sg18 Nsg11 Valvardan p1921 sbtp1922 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1923 (dp1924 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-3 p1925 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1926 (dp1927 g16 Ven p1928 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of freshwater resources p1929 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1930 (dp1931 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-03-21T08:12:40Z p1932 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1933 (dp1934 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:05Z p1935 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1936 (dp1937 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-10-10T12:55:37Z p1938 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1939 (dp1940 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1941 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1942 (dp1943 g16 Ven p1944 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.5.4 p1945 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1946 (dp1947 g16 Ven p1948 sg18 Nsg11 V Despite an estimated decrease of total water abstraction by 19 % since 1990 in Europe, the milestone set in the EU resource efficiency roadmap \u2014 i.e. a water abstraction should stay below 20 % of available renewable water resources in Europe \u2014 has not been achieved in 36 river basins corresponding to 19 % of Europe\u2019s territory in summer 2015. \u000a Around 30 % of the total European population was exposed to water scarcity conditions in summer 2015 compared to 20% in 2014, mainly living in densely populated European cities, agriculture-dominated areas of southern Europe and small Mediterranean islands.  \u000a From 2000 to 2015, in the EU-28, there was an absolute decoupling of water abstraction (-9 %) and the gross value added generated from all economic sectors (+53 %). \u000a A rapid increase (+11%) has been observed in bottled water consumption from 2010, particularly in southern and western Europe. p1949 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1950 (dp1951 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1952 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1953 (dp1954 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-11-en p1955 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1956 (dp1957 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI018, WAT001 p1958 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1959 (dp1960 g16 Ven p1961 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p1962 sbtp1963 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp1964 (dp1965 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-temperature-2/assessment p1966 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1967 (dp1968 g16 Ven p1969 sg18 Nsg11 VWater temperature p1970 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1971 (dp1972 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-06T14:19:28Z p1973 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1974 (dp1975 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:58:21Z p1976 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1977 (dp1978 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T14:41:58Z p1979 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1980 (dp1981 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p1982 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1983 (dp1984 g16 Ven p1985 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p1986 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1987 (dp1988 g16 Ven p1989 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Water temperatures in major European rivers have increased by 1\u20133 °C over the last century. Several time series show increasing lake and river temperatures all over Europe since the early 1900s. \u000a Lake and river surface water temperatures are projected to increase further with projected increases in air temperature. \u000a Increased water temperature can result in marked changes in species composition and functioning of aquatic ecosystems. \u000a p1990 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp1991 (dp1992 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p1993 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1994 (dp1995 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-202-en p1996 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp1997 (dp1998 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM019 p1999 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2000 (dp2001 g16 Ven p2002 sg18 Nsg11 Vkristpet p2003 sbtp2004 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2005 (dp2006 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-4/assessment p2007 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2008 (dp2009 g16 Ven p2010 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe p2011 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2012 (dp2013 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-12-11T14:16:15Z p2014 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2015 (dp2016 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:37Z p2017 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2018 (dp2019 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-12-21T08:20:19Z p2020 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2021 (dp2022 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2023 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2024 (dp2025 g16 Ven p2026 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.3.2 p2027 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2028 (dp2029 g16 Ven p2030 sg18 Nsg11 V The consumption of renewable energy continued to increase in 2013. The share of renewable energy in the gross final energy consumption in the EU-28 countries reached 15 % in 2013, representing 75 % of the EU's 20 % renewable energy target for 2020. Renewable energy contributed 16.5 % of gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling, 25.4 % of final electricity consumption and 5.4 % of transport fuels consumption in 2013. \u000a In 2013, 25 Member States (i.e. all except Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom) met or exceeded their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), while 21 Member States (i.e. all except Denmark, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain) exceeded the indicative trajectories set in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs). \u000a In 2013, Bulgaria, Estonia and Sweden managed to reach their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020 set under the RED. p2031 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2032 (dp2033 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2034 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2035 (dp2036 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p2037 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2038 (dp2039 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p2040 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2041 (dp2042 g16 Ven p2043 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p2044 sbtp2045 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2046 (dp2047 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/arctic-sea-ice/arctic-sea-ice-assessment-published p2048 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2049 (dp2050 g16 Ven p2051 sg18 Nsg11 VArctic sea ice p2052 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2053 (dp2054 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-07-21T09:16:24Z p2055 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2056 (dp2057 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:42:26Z p2058 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2059 (dp2060 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-09-07T22:00:00Z p2061 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2062 (dp2063 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2064 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2065 (dp2066 g16 Ven p2067 sg18 Nsg11 V2008 0.0.0 p2068 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2069 (dp2070 g16 Ven p2071 sg18 Nsg11 V The extent of the sea ice in the Arctic has declined at an accelerating rate, especially in summer. The record low ice cover in September 2007 was roughly half the size of the normal minimum extent in the 1950s. The summer ice is projected to continue to shrink and may even disappear at the height of the summer melt season in the coming decades. There will still be substantial ice in winter. Reduced polar ice will speed up global warming and is expected to affect ocean circulation and weather patterns. Species specialised for life in the ice are threatened. Less ice will ease access to the Arctic's resources. Oil and gas exploration, shipping, tourism and fisheries will offer new economic opportunities, but also increase pressures and risks to the Arctic environment. p2072 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2073 (dp2074 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2075 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2076 (dp2077 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-98-en p2078 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2079 (dp2080 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM010 p2081 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2082 (dp2083 g16 Ven p2084 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p2085 sbtp2086 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2087 (dp2088 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/soil-moisture-deficit/assessment p2089 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2090 (dp2091 g16 Ven p2092 sg18 Nsg11 VSoil moisture deficit p2093 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2094 (dp2095 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-12T13:14:23Z p2096 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2097 (dp2098 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:17Z p2099 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2100 (dp2101 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-03-22T15:10:51Z p2102 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2103 (dp2104 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2105 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2106 (dp2107 g16 Ven p2108 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 1.2.6 p2109 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2110 (dp2111 g16 Ven p2112 sg18 Nsg11 V Monitoring the pressure from soil moisture deficits can warn of potential impacts on plant development and soil health, supporting the assessment of drought-tolerant, resilient and vulnerable ecosystems. In 2000-2019, soil moisture in the growing season was several times below the long-term average in the EEA member countries plus the United Kingdom. The largest soil moisture deficits occurred in 2003, 2017 and 2019, affecting over 1.45 million km 2 in 2019. Soil moisture content was also low in 2012, 2015 and 2018, contributing to increasingly frequent and intense drought pressure. p2113 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2114 (dp2115 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2116 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2117 (dp2118 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-530-en p2119 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2120 (dp2121 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VLSI012 p2122 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2123 (dp2124 g16 Ven p2125 sg18 Nsg11 Vwasseeva p2126 sbtp2127 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2128 (dp2129 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-surface-temperature-2/assessment p2130 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2131 (dp2132 g16 Ven p2133 sg18 Nsg11 VSea surface temperature p2134 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2135 (dp2136 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-22T15:12:26Z p2137 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2138 (dp2139 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:32Z p2140 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2141 (dp2142 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T14:01:31Z p2143 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2144 (dp2145 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2146 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2147 (dp2148 g16 Ven p2149 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p2150 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2151 (dp2152 g16 Ven p2153 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a All European seas have warmed considerably since 1870, and the warming has been particularly rapid since the late 1970s. The multi-decadal rate of sea surface temperature rise during the satellite era (since 1979) has been between 0.21 °C per decade in the North Atlantic and 0.40 °C per decade in the Baltic Sea. \u000a Globally averaged sea surface temperature is projected to continue to increase, although more slowly than atmospheric temperature. \u000a p2154 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2155 (dp2156 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2157 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2158 (dp2159 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-100-en p2160 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2161 (dp2162 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM013, CSI046 p2163 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2164 (dp2165 g16 Ven p2166 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p2167 sbtp2168 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2169 (dp2170 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/diversion-from-landfill/assessment p2171 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2172 (dp2173 g16 Ven p2174 sg18 Nsg11 VDiversion of waste from landfill p2175 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2176 (dp2177 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-07-09T10:29:26Z p2178 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2179 (dp2180 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-21T14:59:10Z p2181 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2182 (dp2183 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-22T08:52:21Z p2184 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2185 (dp2186 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2187 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2188 (dp2189 g16 Ven p2190 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.9.1 p2191 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2192 (dp2193 g16 Ven p2194 sg18 Nsg11 V \u2022  Landfilling has negative impacts on the environment and economy and therefore should be avoided if at all possible. \u000a \u2022 European countries have made relatively good progress in diverting waste from landfill in recent years for almost all waste streams, particularly for household and similar waste. \u000a \u2022 During the period 2010-2016, the share of total waste (excluding major mineral waste) disposed of by landfilling decreased from 29 % to 25 % in the 28 EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and Serbia. The proportion of household and similar waste and other waste disposed of by landfilling decreased by 47.2 % and 19 %, respectively. However, the landfilling of combustion waste increased by 20.6 % and of sorting residues by 40.1 %. \u000a \u2022 According to the Landfill Directive, the proportion of municipal waste disposed of by landfilling should be reduced to 10 % or less of the total amount of municipal waste generated by 2035. By 2017, the proportion of municipal waste entering landfill had been reduced to 21.0 %, and, of 37 European countries, 11 had reduced municipal waste landfilling rates by more than 40.0 % and 10 landfilled less than 10 % of their municipal waste; however, 15 still had municipal waste landfilling rates of more than 50.0 %. \u000a \u2022 Trends in waste management have also changed. During the period 2008-2017, the rate of municipal waste landfilling decreased by 43.0 %, while energy recovery from municipal waste increased by 72.1 %, material recycling increased by 22.5 % and composting and digestion increased by 18.6 %. p2195 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2196 (dp2197 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2198 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2199 (dp2200 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-488-en p2201 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2202 (dp2203 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWST006 p2204 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2205 (dp2206 g16 Ven p2207 sg18 Nsg11 Vdurmuozl p2208 sbtp2209 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2210 (dp2211 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-2/assessment-3 p2212 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2213 (dp2214 g16 Ven p2215 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's population to environmental noise p2216 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2217 (dp2218 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-11-15T09:56:49Z p2219 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2220 (dp2221 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:22Z p2222 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2223 (dp2224 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-11-30T09:00:00Z p2225 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2226 (dp2227 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2228 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2229 (dp2230 g16 Ven p2231 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.1.2 p2232 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2233 (dp2234 g16 Ven p2235 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Noise pollution is a major environmental health problem in Europe. \u000a Road traffic is the most widespread source of environmental noise, with more than 100 million people affected by harmful levels in the EEA-33 member countries. Railways, air traffic and industry are also major sources of noise. \u000a The European Union's Seventh Environment Action Programme (7th EAP) sets the objective that by 2020 noise pollution in the EU will have significantly decreased, moving closer to World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels.  \u000a p2236 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2237 (dp2238 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2239 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2240 (dp2241 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p2242 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2243 (dp2244 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI051, TERM005 p2245 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2246 (dp2247 g16 Ven p2248 sg18 Nsg11 Vperiseul p2249 sbtp2250 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2251 (dp2252 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sites-designated-under-the-eu-3/assessment p2253 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2254 (dp2255 g16 Ven p2256 sg18 Nsg11 VNatura 2000 sites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives p2257 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2258 (dp2259 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-05-25T13:19:11Z p2260 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2261 (dp2262 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2022-02-07T14:24:51Z p2263 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2264 (dp2265 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-06-22T12:59:50Z p2266 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2267 (dp2268 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2269 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2270 (dp2271 g16 Ven p2272 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.7.4 p2273 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2274 (dp2275 g16 Ven p2276 sg18 Nsg11 V Since the adoption of the Habitats Directive in 1992 and the creation of the Natura 2000 network, the cumulative area of the network has steadily increased in EU Member States. In 2019, the network covered an area of 1 358 125 km 2 , encompassing nine biogeographical regions. \u000a The coverage of terrestrial Natura 2000 areas was 784 994 km 2 in 2019, which is 18 % of the EU\u2019s land area. This is more than the global biodiversity target for protected areas, which aims to conserve at least 17 % of terrestrial and inland water areas by 2020 (Aichi Target 11). p2277 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2278 (dp2279 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2280 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2281 (dp2282 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-147-en p2283 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2284 (dp2285 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp2286 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2287 (dp2288 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/imperviousness-change/assessment p2289 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2290 (dp2291 g16 Ven p2292 sg18 Nsg11 VImperviousness and imperviousness change p2293 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2294 (dp2295 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-05-21T09:34:12Z p2296 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2297 (dp2298 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:48Z p2299 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2300 (dp2301 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-04-05T08:30:28Z p2302 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2303 (dp2304 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2305 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2306 (dp2307 g16 Ven p2308 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.8.2 p2309 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2310 (dp2311 g16 Ven p2312 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 2006 and 2009, soil sealing, or imperviousness, increased in all EEA-39 countries by a total of 4 364 k m 2 . This corresponds to an annual average increase of 1 454 k m 2 , or 0.027 % of the total EEA-39 area. During this period, the rate of increase in soil sealing relative to country area varied from 0.001 % to 0.48 %. In 2009, the percentage of a countries' total area that was sealed also varied greatly, with values ranging from 0.15 % to 15.23 %. The highest sealing values, as a percentage of country area, occurred in small countries with high population densities, while the lowest sealing values could be found in large countries with low population densities. \u000a The most problematic situation occurs in countries where there is already a high percentage of sealing and where the annual rate of increase relative to country area is high. p2313 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2314 (dp2315 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2316 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2317 (dp2318 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-368-en p2319 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2320 (dp2321 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VLSI002 p2322 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2323 (dp2324 g16 Ven p2325 sg18 Nsg11 Vlangatob p2326 sbtp2327 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2328 (dp2329 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/forest-fire-danger-3/assessment p2330 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2331 (dp2332 g16 Ven p2333 sg18 Nsg11 VForest fires p2334 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2335 (dp2336 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-05T10:01:36Z p2337 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2338 (dp2339 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-30T12:51:24Z p2340 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2341 (dp2342 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-03T09:17:45Z p2343 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2344 (dp2345 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2346 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2347 (dp2348 g16 Ven p2349 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.4.1 p2350 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2351 (dp2352 g16 Ven p2353 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The burnt area in the Mediterranean region has shown a slightly decreasing trend since 1980, but with high interannual variability; the meteorological fire hazard has increased over the same period as a result of global climate change. These opposite trends suggest that efforts to improve fire management have generally been successful. \u000a Large forest fires in recent years have affected various regions in northern and western Europe in which fires were not prevalent in the past. More European countries suffered from large forest fires in 2018 than ever before, and Sweden experienced the worst fire season in reporting history. The unprecedented forest fires in several European countries in 2017 and 2018 coincided with record droughts and heatwaves in these years. \u000a More severe fire weather and, as a consequence, substantial expansion of the fire-prone area and longer fire seasons are projected in most regions of Europe, in particular for high emissions scenarios. The increase in fire danger is projected to be particularly large in western-central Europe, but the absolute fire danger remains highest in southern Europe. Adaptation measures, such as improved fire prevention and suppression, can substantially reduce fire risks. \u000a p2354 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2355 (dp2356 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2357 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2358 (dp2359 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-185-en p2360 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2361 (dp2362 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM035 p2363 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2364 (dp2365 g16 Ven p2366 sg18 Nsg11 Vbastrann p2367 sbtp2368 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2369 (dp2370 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-electrical-and-electronic-equipment/assessment-1 p2371 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2372 (dp2373 g16 Ven p2374 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste electrical and electronic equipment p2375 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2376 (dp2377 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-01-11T12:09:03Z p2378 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2379 (dp2380 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:40Z p2381 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2382 (dp2383 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2013-06-13T10:05:00Z p2384 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2385 (dp2386 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2387 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2388 (dp2389 g16 Ven p2390 sg18 Nsg11 V2011 2.5.3 p2391 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2392 (dp2393 g16 Ven p2394 sg18 Nsg11 V Data indicates that while reuse and recycling of the collected waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) seems to be on track in the majority of the EU and EFTA member countries, the collection of the WEEE has shown varying but generally improving results. It appears that the amounts of WEEE that are collected, are largely reused (either as a whole appliance or components) or recycled although there is still room for improvement in some countries. However, more attention should be given to the improvement of collection systems. The level of collection is still very low in many countries, especially when compared to the amount put on the market (Figure 1). p2395 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2396 (dp2397 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2398 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2399 (dp2400 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-311-en p2401 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2402 (dp2403 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWST003 p2404 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2405 (dp2406 g16 Ven p2407 sg18 Nsg11 Vreichal p2408 sbtp2409 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2410 (dp2411 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/average-co2-emissions-from-motor-vehicles-1/assessment p2412 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2413 (dp2414 g16 Ven p2415 sg18 Nsg11 VCO2 performance of new passenger cars in Europe p2416 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2417 (dp2418 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-06T08:29:44Z p2419 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2420 (dp2421 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T10:40:35Z p2422 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2423 (dp2424 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T10:40:24Z p2425 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2426 (dp2427 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2428 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2429 (dp2430 g16 Ven p2431 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 5.2.1 p2432 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2433 (dp2434 g16 Ven p2435 sg18 Nsg11 V Following a steady decline until 2016, average CO 2 emissions from new passenger cars registered in Europe increased between 2017 and 2019. Key reasons include the growth in the sport utility vehicle segment and an increased average mass. In 2019, average CO 2 emissions from all new cars reached 122.3 g CO 2 /km. Although this is below the EU fleet-wide target of 130 g CO 2 /km set for the period 2015-2019, it is well above the 2021 target of 95 g CO 2 /km, phased-in in 2020. Most car manufacturers met their individual binding CO 2 emission targets for fleets of newly registered passenger cars in 2019. p2436 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2437 (dp2438 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2439 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2440 (dp2441 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-457-en p2442 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2443 (dp2444 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM017 p2445 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2446 (dp2447 g16 Ven p2448 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p2449 sbtp2450 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2451 (dp2452 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-10/assessment p2453 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2454 (dp2455 g16 Ven p2456 sg18 Nsg11 VFinal energy consumption by sector and fuel in Europe p2457 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2458 (dp2459 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-14T14:12:35Z p2460 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2461 (dp2462 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:18Z p2463 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2464 (dp2465 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-01-31T16:23:18Z p2466 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2467 (dp2468 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2469 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2470 (dp2471 g16 Ven p2472 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.8 p2473 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2474 (dp2475 g16 Ven p2476 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Final energy consumption in the 28 EU Member States was 5.7 % lower in 2017 than in 2005, mainly due to reductions in the industry sector. Preliminary data suggests that this trend continues in 2018. \u000a Still, final energy consumption increased for all fuel types in the EU between 2016 and 2017. \u000a In 2017, the EU's final energy consumption rose for the first time in 7 years above the indicative trajectory set by the EEA to monitor progress towards the 2020 energy efficiency targets. A trend which is expected to continue also in 2018. Therefore, achieving the 2020 targets is increasingly uncertain. \u000a p2477 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2478 (dp2479 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2480 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2481 (dp2482 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p2483 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2484 (dp2485 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p2486 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2487 (dp2488 g16 Ven p2489 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p2490 sbtp2491 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2492 (dp2493 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-2/assessment p2494 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2495 (dp2496 g16 Ven p2497 sg18 Nsg11 VOverview of electricity production and use in Europe p2498 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2499 (dp2500 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-15T15:23:20Z p2501 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2502 (dp2503 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:40:54Z p2504 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2505 (dp2506 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-15T15:50:32Z p2507 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2508 (dp2509 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2510 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2511 (dp2512 g16 Ven p2513 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.3.2 p2514 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2515 (dp2516 g16 Ven p2517 sg18 Nsg11 V In 2014,  low-carbon energy sources (renewables and nuclear energy) continued to dominate the electricity mix for the second year in a row, together generating  more power than fossil fuel sources. \u000a \u000a In 2014, fossil fuels were responsible for 42 % of all gross electricity generation, a decrease of 25 % compared with 1990 across the EU-28 . \u000a By way of contrast, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources is growing rapidly and reached more than one quarter of all gross electricity generation in the EU-28 (29 % in 2014 ), more than twice as much as in 1990. As such, renewable sources generated more electricity in 2014 than nuclear sources or coal and lignite. \u000a Nuclear energy sources contributed roughly one quarter of all gross electricity generation in 2014 (27.5 %). \u000a \u000a   \u000a Final electricity consumption (the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports) has increased by 25 % in the EU-28 since 1990, at an average rate of around 0.9 % per year (see ENER 016). In the EU-28, the strongest growth was observed in the services sector (2.5 % per year), followed by households (1.1 % per year). \u000a With regard to the non-EU EEA countries, between 1990 and 2014 electricity generation increased by an average of 6.5 % per year in Turkey, 6.3 % per year in Iceland and 0.5 % per year in Norway. p2518 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2519 (dp2520 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2521 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2522 (dp2523 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p2524 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2525 (dp2526 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p2527 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2528 (dp2529 g16 Ven p2530 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p2531 sbtp2532 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2533 (dp2534 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/forest-growth-2/assessment p2535 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2536 (dp2537 g16 Ven p2538 sg18 Nsg11 VForest composition and distribution p2539 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2540 (dp2541 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-15T15:15:06Z p2542 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2543 (dp2544 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-04T10:18:18Z p2545 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2546 (dp2547 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T15:20:00Z p2548 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2549 (dp2550 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2551 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2552 (dp2553 g16 Ven p2554 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p2555 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2556 (dp2557 g16 Ven p2558 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Range shifts in forest tree species due to climate change have been observed towards higher altitudes and latitudes. These changes considerably affect the forest structure and the functioning of forest ecosystems and their services. \u000a Future climate change and increasing CO2 concentrations are expected to affect site suitability, productivity, species composition and biodiversity. In general, forest growth is projected to increase in northern Europe and to decrease in southern Europe, but with substantial regional variation. Cold-adapted coniferous tree species are projected to lose large fractions of their ranges to more drought-adapted broadleaf species. \u000a The projected changes will have an impact on the goods and services that forests provide. For example, the value of forest land in Europe is projected to decrease between 14 and 50 % during the 21st century. \u000a p2559 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2560 (dp2561 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2562 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2563 (dp2564 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-186-en p2565 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2566 (dp2567 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp2568 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2569 (dp2570 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sites-designated-under-the-eu-2/assessment p2571 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2572 (dp2573 g16 Ven p2574 sg18 Nsg11 VSites designated under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives p2575 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2576 (dp2577 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-19T12:22:51Z p2578 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2579 (dp2580 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:06Z p2581 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2582 (dp2583 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-07-02T14:26:17Z p2584 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2585 (dp2586 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2587 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2588 (dp2589 g16 Ven p2590 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.7.4 p2591 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2592 (dp2593 g16 Ven p2594 sg18 Nsg11 V Since the introduction of the Habitats Directive in 1992 and the establishment of the Natura 2000 network, there has been a steady increase in the cumulative area of the network in EU Member States. In 2017, the network covered an area of 1 322 630 km 2 , encompassing nine terrestrial and five marine biogeographical regions. \u000a The coverage of terrestrial  Natura 2000 areas is 790 213 km 2 , which is 18.2  % of the EU\u2019s land area, i.e. above the global biodiversity target for protected areas of 17 % (Aichi Target 11). p2595 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2596 (dp2597 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2598 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2599 (dp2600 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-147-en p2601 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2602 (dp2603 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VSEBI008 p2604 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2605 (dp2606 g16 Ven p2607 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p2608 sbtp2609 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2610 (dp2611 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-2/assessment-1 p2612 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2613 (dp2614 g16 Ven p2615 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's population to environmental noise p2616 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2617 (dp2618 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-09T11:27:20Z p2619 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2620 (dp2621 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:59Z p2622 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2623 (dp2624 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-29T07:57:44Z p2625 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2626 (dp2627 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2628 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2629 (dp2630 g16 Ven p2631 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.1.2 p2632 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2633 (dp2634 g16 Ven p2635 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Noise pollution is a major environmental health problem in Europe. \u000a Road traffic is the most widespread source of environmental noise, with an estimated 100 million people affected by harmful levels in the EEA-33 member countries. Noise from railways, airports and industry are also important sources of noise. \u000a The European Union's Seventh Environment Action Programme (7th EAP) sets the objective that by 2020 noise pollution in the EU has significantly decreased, moving closer to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels.  \u000a p2636 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2637 (dp2638 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2639 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2640 (dp2641 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p2642 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2643 (dp2644 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI051, TERM005 p2645 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2646 (dp2647 g16 Ven p2648 sg18 Nsg11 Vperiseul p2649 sbtp2650 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2651 (dp2652 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/forest-fire-danger-2/assessment p2653 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2654 (dp2655 g16 Ven p2656 sg18 Nsg11 VForest fires p2657 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2658 (dp2659 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-15T16:19:29Z p2660 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2661 (dp2662 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:00Z p2663 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2664 (dp2665 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T15:20:00Z p2666 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2667 (dp2668 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2669 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2670 (dp2671 g16 Ven p2672 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p2673 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2674 (dp2675 g16 Ven p2676 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Fire risk depends on many factors, including climatic conditions, vegetation, forest management practices and other socio-economic factors. \u000a The burnt area in the Mediterranean region increased from 1980 to 2000; it has decreased thereafter. \u000a In a warmer climate, more severe fire weather and, as a consequence, an expansion of the fire-prone area and longer fire seasons are projected across Europe. The impact of fire events is particularly strong in southern Europe. \u000a p2677 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2678 (dp2679 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2680 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2681 (dp2682 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-185-en p2683 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2684 (dp2685 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM035 p2686 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2687 (dp2688 g16 Ven p2689 sg18 Nsg11 Vbastrann p2690 sbtp2691 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2692 (dp2693 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-of-ecosystems-to-acidification-14/assessment-2 p2694 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2695 (dp2696 g16 Ven p2697 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone p2698 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2699 (dp2700 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-06-28T09:33:47Z p2701 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2702 (dp2703 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:45Z p2704 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2705 (dp2706 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-10-21T06:44:17Z p2707 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2708 (dp2709 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2710 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2711 (dp2712 g16 Ven p2713 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.1.2 p2714 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2715 (dp2716 g16 Ven p2717 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Exposure of ecosystems to acidification in the EU-28 (critical loads from 43 % in 1980 to 7 % in 2010) and EEA member countries (to 7 %) has been decreasing since 1980s, although in some areas reduction targets, as defined as interim objective in the EU's National Emission Ceilings Directive, have not been met. Exposure to acidification can lead to disturbances in the structure and function of ecosystems. As a result, full ecosystem recovery may take longer time after reaching the targets. \u000a Exposure of ecosystems to eutrophication in the EU-28 (critical loads from 84 % in 1990 to 63 % in 2010) and EEA member countries (to 55 %) has been decreasing since 1990. The area in exceedance is projected to further decrease to 58 % in 2020 for the EU-28 (48 % in the EEA member countries), assuming current legislation is implemented. The magnitude of the exceedances is also projected to decline considerably in most areas, except for a few 'hot spot' areas in western France and the border areas between Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as in northern Italy. \u000a Looking ahead, only 4 % of the EU-28 ecosystem area (3 % in EEA member countries) is projected to exceed acidification critical loads in 2020 if current legislation is fully implemented. The eutrophication reduction target set in the updated EU air pollution strategy proposed by the European Commission in late 2013, will be met by 2030 if it is assumed that all maximum technically feasible reduction measures are implemented, but it will not be met by current legislation. \u000a For ozone, most of Europe's vegetation and agricultural crops are exposed to ozone levels that exceed the long term objective specified in the EU's Air Quality Directive. A significant fraction is also exposed to levels above the target value threshold defined in the directive. The effect-related concentrations show large year-to-year variations. Over the period 1996-2017, the concentrations observed at rural background stations increased until 2006, after which they decreased. After a 6-year period (2009-2014) of relatively low values, the fraction of agricultural crops exposed to levels above the target value increased again to 30 % in 2015. However, at the low end of the exposure spectrum there was an increase in the area with levels below the long-term objective from 15 % (2014) to 24 % (2017). \u000a During the past 5 years, around 50-65 % of the forest area was exposed to ozone concentrations above the critical level set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) for the protection of forests.  \u000a p2718 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2719 (dp2720 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2721 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2722 (dp2723 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-30-en p2724 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2725 (dp2726 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR004, CSI005 p2727 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2728 (dp2729 g16 Ven p2730 sg18 Nsg11 Vozturevr p2731 sbtp2732 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2733 (dp2734 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-2/assessment-2 p2735 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2736 (dp2737 g16 Ven p2738 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's population to environmental noise p2739 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2740 (dp2741 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-06-06T08:09:41Z p2742 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2743 (dp2744 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:34Z p2745 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2746 (dp2747 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-07-19T09:54:22Z p2748 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2749 (dp2750 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2751 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2752 (dp2753 g16 Ven p2754 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.1.2 p2755 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2756 (dp2757 g16 Ven p2758 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Noise pollution is a major environmental health problem in Europe. \u000a Road traffic is the most widespread source of environmental noise, with more than 100 million people affected by harmful levels in the EEA-33 member countries. Noise from railways, air traffic and industry are also important sources of noise. \u000a The European Union's Seventh Environment Action Programme (7th EAP) sets the objective that by 2020 noise pollution in the EU will have significantly decreased, moving closer to World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels.  \u000a p2759 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2760 (dp2761 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2762 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2763 (dp2764 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p2765 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2766 (dp2767 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI051, TERM005 p2768 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2769 (dp2770 g16 Ven p2771 sg18 Nsg11 Vperiseul p2772 sbtp2773 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2774 (dp2775 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/marine-protected-area-mpa-network-coverage/assessment p2776 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2777 (dp2778 g16 Ven p2779 sg18 Nsg11 VMarine protected areas in Europe's seas p2780 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2781 (dp2782 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-12-10T09:11:03Z p2783 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2784 (dp2785 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:59:40Z p2786 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2787 (dp2788 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-12-18T14:20:00Z p2789 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2790 (dp2791 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2792 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2793 (dp2794 g16 Ven p2795 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.6.1 p2796 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2797 (dp2798 g16 Ven p2799 sg18 Nsg11 V By the end of 2012, EU Member States had designated 5.9 %, or a total of 338 000 km 2 , of their seas as part of a complex network of marine protected areas. \u000a As such, the EU had not reached Aichi target 11 of 10 % coverage of its seas. However, the target was reached in certain regional seas (Baltic Sea, the Greater North Sea including the Kattegat and the English Channel, and the Western Mediterranean Sea)  p2800 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2801 (dp2802 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2803 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2804 (dp2805 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-377-en p2806 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2807 (dp2808 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VMAR004 p2809 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2810 (dp2811 g16 Ven p2812 sg18 Nsg11 Vrekerjoh p2813 sbtp2814 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2815 (dp2816 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ghg-emissions-outlook-from-iea/ghg-emissions-outlook-from-iea-1 p2817 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2818 (dp2819 g16 Ven p2820 sg18 Nsg11 VGHG emissions - outlook from IEA p2821 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2822 (dp2823 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-01-07T23:00:00Z p2824 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2825 (dp2826 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:43:35Z p2827 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2828 (dp2829 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-06-07T22:00:00Z p2830 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2831 (dp2832 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2833 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2834 (dp2835 g16 Ven p2836 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p2837 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2838 (dp2839 g16 Ven p2840 sg18 Nsg11 V The reference scenario* projects that rising global fuel use continues to drive up energy related CO2 emissions, from 28Gt in 2006 to 41 Gt in 2030 - an increase of 45%. Some 97% of the global increase in energy related CO2 emissions to 2030 arises in non-OECD countries. China (6.1 Gt), India (2 Gt) and the Middle East (1.3 Gt) together account for three-quarters of the increase. Emissions in the OECD group of countries peak after 2020 and then decline. Only in Europe and Japan are emissions in 2030 lower than today.   * The IEA Reference Scenario, indicate what would happen if, among other things, there were to be no new energy policy interventions by governments beyond these already adopted in mid-2008. The Reference Scenario is not a forecast: it is a baseline picture of how global energy markets would evolve if the underlying trends in energy demand and supply are not changed. p2841 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2842 (dp2843 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2844 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2845 (dp2846 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-66-en p2847 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2848 (dp2849 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VOutlook036 p2850 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2851 (dp2852 g16 Ven p2853 sg18 Nsg11 Vvelkavrh p2854 sbtp2855 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2856 (dp2857 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/abundance-and-distribution-of-selected-species-8/assessment-1 p2858 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2859 (dp2860 g16 Ven p2861 sg18 Nsg11 VAbundance and distribution of selected European species p2862 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2863 (dp2864 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-04-22T15:03:24Z p2865 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2866 (dp2867 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-12T13:14:19Z p2868 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2869 (dp2870 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-06-19T10:37:01Z p2871 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2872 (dp2873 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2874 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2875 (dp2876 g16 Ven p2877 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.7.4 p2878 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2879 (dp2880 g16 Ven p2881 sg18 Nsg11 V Long-term monitoring schemes show significant downward trends in common farmland birds and in grassland butterfly population numbers, with no signs of recovery. \u000a Between 1990 and 2017, there was an 8 % decline in the index of 168 common bird species in the 25 EU Member States with bird population monitoring schemes and the United Kingdom (UK). The common forest bird index showed no decrease over the same period. The decreases were slightly greater if figures for Norway and Switzerland are included: 11 % for all common birds and 2 % for forest birds. \u000a The decline in common farmland bird numbers between 1990 and 2017 was much more pronounced, at 33 % (EU Member States and UK) and 35 % (if Norway and Switzerland are included).  \u000a The index of grassland butterflies has declined strongly in the 15 EU countries where butterfly monitoring schemes exist. In 2017, the index was 39 % below its 1990 value. p2882 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2883 (dp2884 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2885 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2886 (dp2887 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-140-en p2888 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2889 (dp2890 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI050, SEBI001 p2891 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2892 (dp2893 g16 Ven p2894 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p2895 sbtp2896 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2897 (dp2898 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-recycling-2/assessment p2899 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2900 (dp2901 g16 Ven p2902 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste recycling in Europe p2903 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2904 (dp2905 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-04-16T10:23:23Z p2906 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2907 (dp2908 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-03T09:37:47Z p2909 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2910 (dp2911 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-03T09:37:40Z p2912 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2913 (dp2914 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2915 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2916 (dp2917 g16 Ven p2918 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 4.0.7 p2919 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2920 (dp2921 g16 Ven p2922 sg18 Nsg11 V   \u000a The waste recycling rate \u2014 the proportion of waste generated that is recycled \u2014 is growing in the EU-27, indicating progress towards using more waste as a resource and achieving a circular economy. The rate of progress is slowing down, however, with little improvement over the past 5 years. Achieving a more circular economy requires a faster rate of progress, as the amount of waste recycled is still less than half of total waste generated. Specific waste streams show varying recycling rates, ranging from 66% for packaging waste to 39% for electrical and electronic waste. \u000a   p2923 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2924 (dp2925 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2926 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2927 (dp2928 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-378-en p2929 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2930 (dp2931 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI052, WST005 p2932 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2933 (dp2934 g16 Ven p2935 sg18 Nsg11 Valvardan p2936 sbtp2937 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2938 (dp2939 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-4/assessment-4 p2940 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2941 (dp2942 g16 Ven p2943 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe p2944 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2945 (dp2946 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-16T15:31:12Z p2947 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2948 (dp2949 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:09Z p2950 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2951 (dp2952 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-19T17:53:37Z p2953 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2954 (dp2955 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2956 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2957 (dp2958 g16 Ven p2959 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.8 p2960 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2961 (dp2962 g16 Ven p2963 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use in the EU has doubled since 2005. It reached 17.6 % in 2017 and increased further to 18.0 % in 2018, according to the early estimates from the European Environment Agency (EEA). \u000a The increase in the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has slowed down in recent years. Increasing energy consumption and lack of progress in the transport sector compromise the chances of achieving both 2020 targets on renewable energy and energy efficiency at EU level. \u000a In 2018, according to the EEA's early estimates: \u000a \u000a progress towards national targets improved across the EU, with 24 Member States (all but France, Ireland, the Netherlands and Poland) meeting or exceeding their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive, compared with 21 Member States on target in 2017. In addition, 16 Member States (all except Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) reached or exceeded the trajectories set in their own National Renewable Energy Action Plans, the same as in 2017; \u000a 12 countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden) had already managed to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the Renewable Energy Directive; \u000a renewable energy accounted for 30.7 % of gross final electricity consumption, 19.5 % of energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 7.6 % of transport fuel consumption in the whole EU. \u000a \u000a \u000a p2964 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp2965 (dp2966 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p2967 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2968 (dp2969 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p2970 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2971 (dp2972 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p2973 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2974 (dp2975 g16 Ven p2976 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p2977 sbtp2978 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp2979 (dp2980 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-4/assessment p2981 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2982 (dp2983 g16 Ven p2984 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe p2985 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2986 (dp2987 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-22T15:40:10Z p2988 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2989 (dp2990 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:09:12Z p2991 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2992 (dp2993 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:09:07Z p2994 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2995 (dp2996 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p2997 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp2998 (dp2999 g16 Ven p3000 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.1 p3001 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3002 (dp3003 g16 Ven p3004 sg18 Nsg11 V The greenhouse gas emission intensity of power generation in the EU has been continuously decreasing over the last three decades: generating 1 kilowatt hour in 2020 emitted, on average, half as much CO 2 as in 1990. Policies have been playing an important role in driving this shift towards less carbon-intensive energy sources, in particular those addressing climate change, renewable energy supply and efficient energy use, and industrial emissions. The Covid-19 pandemic hardly affected electricity use in 2020, but the continued growth of renewable electricity caused a further drop in the greenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation. p3005 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3006 (dp3007 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3008 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3009 (dp3010 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p3011 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3012 (dp3013 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p3014 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3015 (dp3016 g16 Ven p3017 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p3018 sbtp3019 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3020 (dp3021 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/drought-impact-on-vegetation-productivity/assessment p3022 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3023 (dp3024 g16 Ven p3025 sg18 Nsg11 VDrought impact on ecosystems in Europe p3026 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3027 (dp3028 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-05-10T17:17:22Z p3029 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3030 (dp3031 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:32Z p3032 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3033 (dp3034 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-30T13:30:39Z p3035 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3036 (dp3037 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3038 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3039 (dp3040 g16 Ven p3041 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.8.2 p3042 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3043 (dp3044 g16 Ven p3045 sg18 Nsg11 V Monitoring  vegetation response to water deficit due to droughts is necessary to be able to introduce effective measures to increase the resilience of ecosystems in line with the EU\u2019s nature restoration plan \u2014 a key element of the EU biodiversity strategy for 2030. Between 2000 and 2016, Europe was affected by severe droughts, causing average yearly vegetation productivity losses covering around 121 000 km 2 . This was particularly notable in 2003, when drought affected most parts of Europe, covering an estimated 330 000 km 2  of forests, non-irrigated arable land and pastures. Drought impact was also relatively severe in 2005 and 2012. p3046 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3047 (dp3048 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3049 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3050 (dp3051 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-510-en p3052 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3053 (dp3054 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VLSI011 p3055 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3056 (dp3057 g16 Ven p3058 sg18 Nsg11 Vwasseeva p3059 sbtp3060 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3061 (dp3062 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/economic-water-productivity-of-irrigated-2/assessment p3063 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3064 (dp3065 g16 Ven p3066 sg18 Nsg11 VWater intensity of crop production in Europe p3067 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3068 (dp3069 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-14T09:02:22Z p3070 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3071 (dp3072 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:48:14Z p3073 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3074 (dp3075 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-20T14:44:44Z p3076 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3077 (dp3078 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3079 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3080 (dp3081 g16 Ven p3082 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.5.4 p3083 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3084 (dp3085 g16 Ven p3086 sg18 Nsg11 V Crop production in Europe became 12% less water intensive between 2005 and 2016. The total water input to crops under rainfed and irrigated conditions for each unit of gross value added generated from crop production, excluding subsidies, decreased from 5 m 3 to 4.4 m 3  over the period. \u000a Western Europe demonstrated the lowest water intensity of crop production over the period, with 3.5 m 3 of total water input for each unit of gross value added generated. However, there was no significant change in the trend between 2005 and 2016. \u000a In eastern Europe, crop production became 31 % less water intensive between 2005 and 2016. The total water input to crops fell from 7.3 m 3 to 5.0 m 3 for each unit of gross value added generated over the period. \u000a Crop production also became 13 % and 11% less water intensive in northern Europe and southern Europe, respectively between 2005 and 2016. In northern Europe, total water input to crops fell from  11.2 m 3 to 9.7 m 3  over the period, while in southern Europe it fell from 4.2 m 3 to 3.8 m 3 . p3087 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3088 (dp3089 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3090 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3091 (dp3092 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-362-en p3093 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3094 (dp3095 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWAT006 p3096 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3097 (dp3098 g16 Ven p3099 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p3100 sbtp3101 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3102 (dp3103 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment p3104 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3105 (dp3106 g16 Ven p3107 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances p3108 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3109 (dp3110 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-03-18T14:15:00Z p3111 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3112 (dp3113 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:59Z p3114 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3115 (dp3116 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-08-24T12:30:00Z p3117 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3118 (dp3119 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3120 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3121 (dp3122 g16 Ven p3123 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.2.2 p3124 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3125 (dp3126 g16 Ven p3127 sg18 Nsg11 V A significant reduction in the EEA-33 consumption of ozone depleting substances (ODS) has been achieved since 1986. This reduction has largely been driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol. \u000a At the entry into force of the Montreal Protocol, EEA-33 consumption was approximately 420 000 ozone depleting potential tonnes (ODP tonnes). Values around zero were reached in 2002 and EEA-33 consumption continues to be consistently around zero since then. The European Union (EU) has taken additional measures to reduce the consumption of ozone depleting substances by means of EU law since the early 1990s. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol and also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the EU. p3128 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3129 (dp3130 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3131 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3132 (dp3133 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p3134 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3135 (dp3136 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp3137 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3138 (dp3139 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-recycling-and-densification/assessment-1 p3140 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3141 (dp3142 g16 Ven p3143 sg18 Nsg11 VLand recycling and densification p3144 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3145 (dp3146 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-06-15T08:28:33Z p3147 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3148 (dp3149 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-12-17T09:27:57Z p3150 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3151 (dp3152 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-07-27T13:06:03Z p3153 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3154 (dp3155 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3156 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3157 (dp3158 g16 Ven p3159 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.8.2 p3160 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3161 (dp3162 g16 Ven p3163 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Land recycling is still low in all European countries: on average, land recycling accounted for only 13.5 % of total land consumption in European cities in the 2006-2012 period. \u000a The land use densification process, i.e. when land development makes maximum use of existing infrastructure, accounts for the largest proportion of land recycling. However, in most countries, land take dominates over densification in total land management with the exception of Finland and France. \u000a Grey recycling, i.e. internal conversions between residential and/or non-residential land cover types, is secondary to densification, ranging from 14 % to less than 1 % of total land consumption. Land take predominates over grey recycling in total land management in all countries. \u000a Green recycling, i.e. the development of green urban areas using previously built-up areas, is an important trend that reverses soil sealing, but it is a marginal process in all countries and, on average, it accounts for only 0.2 % of total land consumption. \u000a p3164 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3165 (dp3166 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3167 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3168 (dp3169 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-460-en p3170 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3171 (dp3172 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp3173 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3174 (dp3175 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/public-awareness-2/assessment p3176 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3177 (dp3178 g16 Ven p3179 sg18 Nsg11 VPublic awareness of biodiversity in Europe p3180 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3181 (dp3182 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-09-17T13:39:01Z p3183 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3184 (dp3185 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:48:45Z p3186 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3187 (dp3188 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-20T11:13:11Z p3189 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3190 (dp3191 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3192 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3193 (dp3194 g16 Ven p3195 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.7.4 p3196 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3197 (dp3198 g16 Ven p3199 sg18 Nsg11 V Recognition and understanding of the term 'biodiversity' has increased in the European Union. 71 % of interviewed EU citizens have heard of biodiversity and over 41 % of these know what it means. \u000a At least eight out of ten Europeans consider the various effects of biodiversity loss to be serious for humans and for nature and agree that it is important to halt its loss. The biggest perceived threats to biodiversity are pollution of air, soil and water, man-made disasters and climate change. \u000a Just under a third of respondents are aware of the Natura 2000 network, including 19 % who say they have heard about it but do not know what it is. However, the overwhelming majority agree that nature protection areas are very important in protecting endangered animals and plants or safeguarding nature's role in providing food, clean air and water. \u000a Most Europeans are not willing to trade damage or destruction of protected areas for economic development. p3200 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3201 (dp3202 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3203 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3204 (dp3205 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-164-en p3206 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3207 (dp3208 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VSEBI026 p3209 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3210 (dp3211 g16 Ven p3212 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p3213 sbtp3214 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3215 (dp3216 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/mountain-permafrost-1/assessment p3217 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3218 (dp3219 g16 Ven p3220 sg18 Nsg11 VPermafrost p3221 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3222 (dp3223 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-06T14:06:16Z p3224 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3225 (dp3226 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:57Z p3227 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3228 (dp3229 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-19T14:48:32Z p3230 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3231 (dp3232 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3233 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3234 (dp3235 g16 Ven p3236 sg18 Nsg11 V2013 2.0.1 p3237 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3238 (dp3239 g16 Ven p3240 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In the past 10\u201320 years European permafrost has shown a general warming trend, with greatest warming in the cold permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. The depth of seasonal thaw has increased at several European permafrost sites. Some sites show great interannual variability, which reflects the complex interaction between the atmospheric conditions and local snow and ground characteristics. \u000a Recent projections agree on substantial near-surface permafrost degradation resulting in thaw depth deepening (i.e. permafrost degeneration) over much of the permafrost area. \u000a \u000a \u000a Warming and thawing of permafrost is expected to increase the risk of rock falls, debris flows and ground subsidence. Thawing of permafrost also affects biodiversity and can contribute to climate change through release of CO 2 and CH 4 from arctic permafrost areas. \u000a p3241 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3242 (dp3243 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3244 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3245 (dp3246 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-99-en p3247 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3248 (dp3249 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM011 p3250 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3251 (dp3252 g16 Ven p3253 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p3254 sbtp3255 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3256 (dp3257 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-surface-temperature/sea-surface-temperature-assessment-published p3258 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3259 (dp3260 g16 Ven p3261 sg18 Nsg11 VSea surface temperature p3262 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3263 (dp3264 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-07-21T09:22:54Z p3265 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3266 (dp3267 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:44:28Z p3268 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3269 (dp3270 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-09-07T22:00:00Z p3271 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3272 (dp3273 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3274 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3275 (dp3276 g16 Ven p3277 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p3278 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3279 (dp3280 g16 Ven p3281 sg18 Nsg11 V Sea surface temperature (SST) in European seas is increasing more rapidly than in the global oceans. The rate of increase is higher in the northern European seas and lower in the Mediterranean Sea. The rate of increase in sea surface temperature in all European seas during the past 25 years has been about 10 times faster than the average rate of increase during more than the past century. The rate of increase observed in the past 25 years is the largest ever measured in any previous 25 year period. p3282 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3283 (dp3284 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3285 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3286 (dp3287 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-100-en p3288 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3289 (dp3290 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM013, CSI046 p3291 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3292 (dp3293 g16 Ven p3294 sg18 Nsg11 Vchristr p3295 sbtp3296 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3297 (dp3298 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-5/assessment p3299 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3300 (dp3301 g16 Ven p3302 sg18 Nsg11 VAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations p3303 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3304 (dp3305 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-04-01T14:04:06Z p3306 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3307 (dp3308 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:40Z p3309 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3310 (dp3311 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-06-01T08:20:42Z p3312 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3313 (dp3314 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3315 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3316 (dp3317 g16 Ven p3318 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.3.2 p3319 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3320 (dp3321 g16 Ven p3322 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Global average concentrations of various greenhouse gases in the atmosphere continue to increase. \u000a The concentration of CO 2 , the most important greenhouse gas, increased to 397 parts per million (ppm) in 2014 \u2013 an increase of 119 ppm (43 %) compared to pre-industrial levels. \u000a The total concentration of all greenhouse gases, including cooling aerosols, reached a value of 441 ppm in CO 2 equivalents in 2014 \u2013 an increase of about 3 ppm compared to 2013, and 34 ppm compared to totals measured more than 10 years ago. \u000a The current total concentration of all greenhouse gases implies that the long-term probability of exceeding the 1.5 °C temperature increase, compared to pre-industrial levels, is already more than 50%. The atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration level that would be consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase to less than 2 °C could be exceeded over the next decades, unless greenhouse gas emissions are significantly reduced. \u000a p3323 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3324 (dp3325 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3326 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3327 (dp3328 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-2-en p3329 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3330 (dp3331 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM052, CSI013 p3332 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3333 (dp3334 g16 Ven p3335 sg18 Nsg11 Vaardejon p3336 sbtp3337 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3338 (dp3339 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-of-air-pollutants-from/assessment p3340 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3341 (dp3342 g16 Ven p3343 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions of air pollutants from large combustion plants p3344 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3345 (dp3346 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-02-21T14:08:14Z p3347 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3348 (dp3349 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:31Z p3350 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3351 (dp3352 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-04-19T11:22:36Z p3353 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3354 (dp3355 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3356 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3357 (dp3358 g16 Ven p3359 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.2.2 p3360 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3361 (dp3362 g16 Ven p3363 sg18 Nsg11 V Large combustion plants (LCPs) are responsible for a significant share of anthropogenic emissions. In 2013 LCP emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and of nitrogen oxides (NO x ), contributed 44% and 15% respectively to EU-28 totals. \u000a Since 2004, emissions from LCPs in the EU-28 have decreased by 71% for SO 2 , 40% for NO x, and 69% for dust. \u000a The largest plants (above 500 MWth) make up just 24% of LCPs but are responsible for around 80% of all LCP SO 2 , NO x , and dust emissions. In 2013, of a total of 3 448 LCPs, 50% of all emissions came from just 50, 87 and 33 plants for SO 2 , NOx and dust respectively. \u000a One indicator of the environmental performance of large combustion plants is the ratio between emissions and fuel consumption (i.e. implied emission factor). The implied emission factors for all three pollutants have decreased significantly between 2004 and 2013 for all sizes of LCPs p3364 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3365 (dp3366 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3367 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3368 (dp3369 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-427-en p3370 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3371 (dp3372 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VINDP006 p3373 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3374 (dp3375 g16 Ven p3376 sg18 Nsg11 Vgrangmar p3377 sbtp3378 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3379 (dp3380 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-12/assessment p3381 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3382 (dp3383 g16 Ven p3384 sg18 Nsg11 VPrimary and final energy consumption in Europe p3385 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3386 (dp3387 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-01T05:54:13Z p3388 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3389 (dp3390 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:06:45Z p3391 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3392 (dp3393 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-09T21:20:41Z p3394 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3395 (dp3396 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3397 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3398 (dp3399 g16 Ven p3400 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.2 p3401 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3402 (dp3403 g16 Ven p3404 sg18 Nsg11 V The EU has been facing difficulties in reducing its energy consumption and was at risk of not meeting its 2020 energy efficiency target. In 2019, the EU\u2019s primary energy consumption (for all energy uses) decreased for the second consecutive year. Final energy consumption (by end users) saw only a modest decrease, hampered by growing energy use in transport. The COVID-19 pandemic is expected to have significantly reduced energy consumption in 2020. However, substantial changes in the energy system remain necessary to achieve the EU\u2019s energy and climate neutrality objectives by 2050. p3405 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3406 (dp3407 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3408 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3409 (dp3410 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p3411 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3412 (dp3413 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp3414 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3415 (dp3416 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/industrial-pollution-in-europe-4/assessment p3417 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3418 (dp3419 g16 Ven p3420 sg18 Nsg11 VIndustrial pollutant releases to air in Europe p3421 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3422 (dp3423 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-25T09:18:24Z p3424 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3425 (dp3426 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-16T21:03:39Z p3427 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3428 (dp3429 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-16T21:03:28Z p3430 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3431 (dp3432 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3433 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3434 (dp3435 g16 Ven p3436 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p3437 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3438 (dp3439 g16 Ven p3440 sg18 Nsg11 V Industrial releases of air pollutants that are damaging to human health and the environment decreased between 2010 and 2019 in Europe, with emissions of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO 2 and sulphur oxides) and other pollutants (e.g. nitrogen oxides, dust and heavy metals) all declining significantly. The value that industry generated for the European economy during this period increased, however, in line with the goal of the EU industrial strategy: to support the competitiveness of European industry while driving a reduction in emissions, the use of natural resources and the production of waste. p3441 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3442 (dp3443 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3444 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3445 (dp3446 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-446-en p3447 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3448 (dp3449 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI055, INDP003 p3450 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3451 (dp3452 g16 Ven p3453 sg18 Nsg11 Vantogfed p3454 sbtp3455 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3456 (dp3457 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/species-of-european-interest-2/assessment p3458 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3459 (dp3460 g16 Ven p3461 sg18 Nsg11 VSpecies of European interest p3462 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3463 (dp3464 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-09-06T09:26:21Z p3465 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3466 (dp3467 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:38Z p3468 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3469 (dp3470 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-28T09:45:00Z p3471 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3472 (dp3473 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3474 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3475 (dp3476 g16 Ven p3477 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.7.4 p3478 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3479 (dp3480 g16 Ven p3481 sg18 Nsg11 V The 2020 target of improving the conservation status of species covered by the Habitats Directive seems to have been met. This apparent progress, however, is largely attributable to improved data and changes in methodology. \u000a Similarly, there has been little progress towards the target for bird populations under the Birds Directive. This indicates that significant conservation efforts need to be implemented to revert current trends. \u000a At the EU level, 23 % of the assessments of species protected under the Habitats Directive indicate a favourable conservation status. At the same time, 60 % of species assessments are unfavourable. There are still significant gaps in knowledge, especially for marine species. \u000a Fish, molluscs and amphibians have a particularly high proportion of species that exhibit a deteriorating trend. \u000a The conservation status of species varies considerably from one biogeographic region to another. At Member State level, more unfavourable assessments are showing a decline than those that are improving. \u000a In the EU, over half of the bird species listed in the Birds Directive are considered to be \u2018secure\u2019, i.e. they show no foreseeable risk of extinction, decline or depletion. On the other hand, 17 % of the species listed are still threatened and another 15 % are declining or depleted. p3482 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3483 (dp3484 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3485 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3486 (dp3487 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-27-en p3488 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3489 (dp3490 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI007, SEBI003 p3491 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3492 (dp3493 g16 Ven p3494 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p3495 sbtp3496 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3497 (dp3498 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-5/assessment p3499 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3500 (dp3501 g16 Ven p3502 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe p3503 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3504 (dp3505 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-04T15:02:37Z p3506 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3507 (dp3508 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:05:44Z p3509 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3510 (dp3511 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-03-30T15:45:00Z p3512 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3513 (dp3514 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3515 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3516 (dp3517 g16 Ven p3518 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.8 p3519 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3520 (dp3521 g16 Ven p3522 sg18 Nsg11 V The EU is close to reaching its target of 20% of energy consumed coming from renewable sources by 2020, but progress at the national level is uneven. Renewable energy consumption increased from 18.9% to 19.7% of total energy consumption from 2018 to 2019, and 14 Member States had reached their 2020 targets by 2019. More action was necessary in several Member States to ensure that the EU remained on track to meet the 2020 target, particularly in France, Ireland and the Netherlands. Furthermore, an unprecedented transformation in the energy system will be necessary to meet the 32% target set for 2030. p3523 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3524 (dp3525 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3526 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3527 (dp3528 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p3529 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3530 (dp3531 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p3532 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3533 (dp3534 g16 Ven p3535 sg18 Nsg11 Vesparjav p3536 sbtp3537 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3538 (dp3539 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-10/assessment p3540 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3541 (dp3542 g16 Ven p3543 sg18 Nsg11 VAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations p3544 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3545 (dp3546 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-14T10:20:31Z p3547 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3548 (dp3549 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:32Z p3550 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3551 (dp3552 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-01-31T10:28:00Z p3553 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3554 (dp3555 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3556 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3557 (dp3558 g16 Ven p3559 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.3.2 p3560 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3561 (dp3562 g16 Ven p3563 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Global average concentrations of various atmospheric greenhouse gases are continuing to increase. \u000a The annual average concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) \u2014 the most important greenhouse gas \u2014 increased to 400 and 403 parts per million (ppm) in 2015 and 2016, respectively. This represented an increase of about 45 % compared with pre-industrial levels. \u000a The total concentration of all greenhouse gases, including cooling aerosols, reached a value of 445 ppm in CO 2 equivalents in 2015 \u2014 an increase of nearly 4 ppm compared with 2014, and 35 ppm more than in 2005. \u000a The current total concentration of all greenhouse gases implies that the long-term probability of the global average temperature exceeding 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels is already about 50 %. The atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration that would be consistent with limiting global mean temperature increase to less than 2 °C could be exceeded in the coming decades. \u000a This shows the urgency of changing the emission trend and reducing greenhouse gas emissions considerably. \u000a p3564 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3565 (dp3566 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3567 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3568 (dp3569 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-2-en p3570 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3571 (dp3572 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM052, CSI013 p3573 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3574 (dp3575 g16 Ven p3576 sg18 Nsg11 Vaardejon p3577 sbtp3578 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3579 (dp3580 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/mountain-permafrost-1/assessment-1 p3581 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3582 (dp3583 g16 Ven p3584 sg18 Nsg11 VPermafrost p3585 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3586 (dp3587 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2014-03-28T10:52:55Z p3588 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3589 (dp3590 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:34Z p3591 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3592 (dp3593 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2014-06-19T15:02:51Z p3594 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3595 (dp3596 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3597 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3598 (dp3599 g16 Ven p3600 sg18 Nsg11 V2014 1.4.1 p3601 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3602 (dp3603 g16 Ven p3604 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In the past 10\u201320 years European permafrost has shown a general warming trend, with greatest warming in the cold permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. The depth of seasonal thaw has increased at several European permafrost sites. Some sites show great interannual variability, which reflects the complex interaction between the atmospheric conditions and local snow and ground characteristics. \u000a Recent projections agree on substantial near-surface permafrost degradation resulting in thaw depth deepening (i.e. permafrost degeneration) over much of the permafrost area. \u000a \u000a \u000a Warming and thawing of permafrost is expected to increase the risk of rock falls, debris flows and ground subsidence. Thawing of permafrost also affects biodiversity and can contribute to climate change through release of CO 2 and CH 4 from Arctic permafrost areas. \u000a p3605 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3606 (dp3607 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3608 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3609 (dp3610 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-99-en p3611 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3612 (dp3613 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM011 p3614 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3615 (dp3616 g16 Ven p3617 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p3618 sbtp3619 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3620 (dp3621 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-3/assessment p3622 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3623 (dp3624 g16 Ven p3625 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances in Europe p3626 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3627 (dp3628 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-20T16:15:23Z p3629 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3630 (dp3631 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:29Z p3632 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3633 (dp3634 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-02-04T19:11:28Z p3635 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3636 (dp3637 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3638 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3639 (dp3640 g16 Ven p3641 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.5 p3642 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3643 (dp3644 g16 Ven p3645 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a A significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) has been achieved by the EEA-33 countries since 1986. This reduction has largely been driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol. \u000a Since the introduction of the Montreal Protocol, European consumption (EEA-28 in 1986) has fallen from approximately 343 000 ozone-depleting potential (ODP) tonnes to around zero in 2002, where it has remained ever since. \u000a The European Union (EU) has taken additional measures to reduce the consumption of ODS by means of EU law since the early 1990s. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol. It has also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the EU. \u000a p3646 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3647 (dp3648 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3649 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3650 (dp3651 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p3652 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3653 (dp3654 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM049 p3655 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3656 (dp3657 g16 Ven p3658 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p3659 sbtp3660 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3661 (dp3662 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/industrial-pollution-in-europe/assessment p3663 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3664 (dp3665 g16 Ven p3666 sg18 Nsg11 VIndustrial pollution in Europe p3667 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3668 (dp3669 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-29T09:18:49Z p3670 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3671 (dp3672 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:51Z p3673 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3674 (dp3675 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-02-22T13:37:47Z p3676 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3677 (dp3678 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3679 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3680 (dp3681 g16 Ven p3682 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.2.2 p3683 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3684 (dp3685 g16 Ven p3686 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Europe aims to have a strong, growing and low-carbon industry with closed material cycles. \u000a Currently, industry remains a significant source of pollutant releases to Europe\u2019s environment. \u000a Releases of pollutants to air and water by European industry have generally decreased during the last decade. \u000a Environmental regulation and improved pollutant abatement technology, among other factors, have led to decreasing pollutant releases to air and water in Europe. \u000a Soil contamination in Europe is, among other things, linked to industrial activity. \u000a Waste transfers from industrial facilities in the EU have remained relatively stable in the last decade. \u000a p3687 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3688 (dp3689 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3690 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3691 (dp3692 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-446-en p3693 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3694 (dp3695 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI055, INDP003 p3696 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3697 (dp3698 g16 Ven p3699 sg18 Nsg11 Vzeigebas p3700 sbtp3701 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3702 (dp3703 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-9/assessment-4 p3704 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3705 (dp3706 g16 Ven p3707 sg18 Nsg11 VFinal energy consumption by sector and fuel p3708 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3709 (dp3710 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-11-29T08:16:31Z p3711 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3712 (dp3713 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:22Z p3714 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3715 (dp3716 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-21T14:53:23Z p3717 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3718 (dp3719 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3720 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3721 (dp3722 g16 Ven p3723 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p3724 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3725 (dp3726 g16 Ven p3727 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Between 2005 and 2016, final energy consumption decreased by 7.1% (0.7% annually) in the EU28. Final energy consumption decreased in all sectors, particularly in industry and households (16.4 %, and 8.0% respectively) but also in transport (0.5%). In the services sector the final energy consumption increased (3.8%). The overall decrease in final energy consumption since 2005 was influenced by economic performance, structural changes in various end-use sectors, in particular industry, improvements in end-use efficiency and lower heat consumption due to favorable climatic conditions particularly in 2011 and 2014. \u000a Between 2015 and 2016, the final energy consumption in the EU28 increased by 2% above its 2020 target. \u000a Preliminary data for 2017 suggest that the final energy consumption since 2005 decreased by 6.1% in the EU28 (0.5% annually), and increased between 2016 and 2017 by 1.1%. \u000a Between 1990 and 2016 the final energy consumption increased by 2.1% in the EU28 and by 7.5% in the EEA countries. \u000a In the EEA countries final energy consumption decreased by 3.9% (0.4% annually) between 2005 and 2016. The largest contributor of this decrease was the industry (15.7%) and the household sector (11.6%). On average, each person in the EEA countries used 2.0 tonnes of oil equivalent to meet their energy needs in 2016. \u000a p3728 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3729 (dp3730 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3731 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3732 (dp3733 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p3734 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3735 (dp3736 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p3737 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3738 (dp3739 g16 Ven p3740 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p3741 sbtp3742 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3743 (dp3744 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/habitats-of-european-interest-1/assessment p3745 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3746 (dp3747 g16 Ven p3748 sg18 Nsg11 VHabitats of European interest p3749 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3750 (dp3751 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-09-13T08:37:43Z p3752 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3753 (dp3754 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:38:52Z p3755 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3756 (dp3757 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-28T10:00:00Z p3758 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3759 (dp3760 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3761 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3762 (dp3763 g16 Ven p3764 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.7.4 p3765 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3766 (dp3767 g16 Ven p3768 sg18 Nsg11 V Progress towards the 2020 target of improving the conservation status of habitats covered by the EU Habitats Directive has not been substantial since 2010. This indicates that significant conservation efforts need to be implemented to revert current trends. \u000a At the EU level, only 16 % of the assessments of habitats protected under the Habitats Directive have a favourable conservation status. \u000a Bogs, mires and fens have the highest proportion of unfavourable assessments, followed closely by grasslands. \u000a Conservation status trends are quite variable across biogeographic regions, however, more habitats are stable than decreasing in the terrestrial regions. There are still significant gaps in knowledge on marine habitat types. \u000a At the EU Member State level, the majority of assessments indicate a low number of habitats with a favourable conservation status. p3769 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3770 (dp3771 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3772 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3773 (dp3774 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-145-en p3775 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3776 (dp3777 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI057, SEBI005 p3778 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3779 (dp3780 g16 Ven p3781 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p3782 sbtp3783 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3784 (dp3785 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative-fuels-2/assessment-2 p3786 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3787 (dp3788 g16 Ven p3789 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of renewable energy for transport in Europe p3790 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3791 (dp3792 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-08T12:27:36Z p3793 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3794 (dp3795 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T17:15:41Z p3796 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3797 (dp3798 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:55:00Z p3799 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3800 (dp3801 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3802 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3803 (dp3804 g16 Ven p3805 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.1 p3806 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3807 (dp3808 g16 Ven p3809 sg18 Nsg11 V The share of energy from renewable sources used for transport in the EU increased from under 2% in 2005 to almost 9% in 2019. Preliminary EEA data indicate that in 2020, this increased further to 10.1%. This suggests that collectively the EU countries reached the 10% target for share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transport. However, EEA preliminary estimates show that this target was actually achieved by less than half of EU Member States. \u000a p3810 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3811 (dp3812 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3813 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3814 (dp3815 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-28-en p3816 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3817 (dp3818 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI037, TERM031 p3819 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3820 (dp3821 g16 Ven p3822 sg18 Nsg11 Vnarkeras p3823 sbtp3824 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3825 (dp3826 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-of-ecosystems-to-acidification-15/assessment p3827 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3828 (dp3829 g16 Ven p3830 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's ecosystems to ozone p3831 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3832 (dp3833 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-10T10:20:49Z p3834 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3835 (dp3836 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-27T14:16:07Z p3837 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3838 (dp3839 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-13T10:38:54Z p3840 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3841 (dp3842 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3843 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3844 (dp3845 g16 Ven p3846 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.1.2 p3847 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3848 (dp3849 g16 Ven p3850 sg18 Nsg11 V Ground-level ozone adversely affects not only human health but also vegetation and ecosystems across Europe, leading to decreased crop yields and forest growth, and loss of biodiversity. Much of Europe\u2019s lands are exposed to ozone levels above the threshold and long-term objective values set in the EU\u2019s Ambient Air Quality Directive (AAQD) for the protection of vegetation. For instance, after a 6-year period (2009-2014) of relatively low ozone values, the fraction of arable land exposed to levels above the AAQD threshold increased to 30 % in 2015, falling to 19 % in 2016, before increasing again to 26 % in 2017 and 45 % in 2018. \u000a \u000a \u000a   \u000a \u000a p3851 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3852 (dp3853 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3854 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3855 (dp3856 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-30-en p3857 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3858 (dp3859 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR004, CSI005 p3860 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3861 (dp3862 g16 Ven p3863 sg18 Nsg11 Vortizalb p3864 sbtp3865 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3866 (dp3867 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-4/assessment-3 p3868 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3869 (dp3870 g16 Ven p3871 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe p3872 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3873 (dp3874 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-11-20T15:17:36Z p3875 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3876 (dp3877 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:21Z p3878 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3879 (dp3880 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-18T12:58:25Z p3881 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3882 (dp3883 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3884 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3885 (dp3886 g16 Ven p3887 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p3888 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3889 (dp3890 g16 Ven p3891 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The share of renewable energy in gross final energy use in the EU has almost doubled since 2005. It reached 17.0 % in 2016 and is expected to have reached 17.4 % in 2017, according to the early estimates from the European Environment Agency (EEA) . These levels are higher than those from the indicative EU trajectory for these years set by the Renewable Energy Directive .  \u000a The increase in the share of renewable energy sources in final energy consumption has slowed down in recent years. An increasing energy consumption and lack of progress in the transport sector imperil the achievement of both 2020 targets on renewable energy and energy efficiency at EU level. \u000a In 2017, according to the EEA's early estimates:  \u000a \u000a progress towards national targets deteriorated across the EU, with 20 Member States (all but Cyprus, France, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia and the United Kingdom) meeting or exceeding their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive, compared with 25 Member States on target in 2016. In addition, only 16 Member States (all except Belgium, Cyprus, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain) reached or exceeded the trajectories set in their own National Renewable Energy Action Plans, compared with 19 in 2016; \u000a 11 countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden) had already managed to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the Renewable Energy Directive; \u000a renewable energy accounted for 30.6 % of gross final electricity consumption, 19.3 % of energy consumption for heating and cooling, and 7.2 % of transport fuel consumption in the whole EU. \u000a \u000a p3892 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3893 (dp3894 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3895 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3896 (dp3897 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p3898 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3899 (dp3900 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p3901 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3902 (dp3903 g16 Ven p3904 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p3905 sbtp3906 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3907 (dp3908 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification/assessment-1 p3909 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3910 (dp3911 g16 Ven p3912 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p3913 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3914 (dp3915 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2013-12-13T16:08:08Z p3916 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3917 (dp3918 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:37Z p3919 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3920 (dp3921 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2014-06-19T15:40:56Z p3922 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3923 (dp3924 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3925 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3926 (dp3927 g16 Ven p3928 sg18 Nsg11 V2014 1.4.1 p3929 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3930 (dp3931 g16 Ven p3932 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Surface-ocean pH has declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era due to the growth of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of 26%. \u000a Observed reductions in surface-water pH are nearly identical across the global ocean and throughout Europe\u2019s seas. \u000a Ocean acidification in recent decades is occurring a hundred times faster than during past natural events over the last 55 million years. \u000a Ocean acidification already reaches into the deep ocean, particularly in the high latitudes. \u000a Models consistently project further ocean acidification worldwide. Surface ocean pH is projected to decrease to values between 8.05 and 7.75 by the end of 21 st century depending on future CO 2 emission levels. The largest projected decline represents more than a doubling in acidity. \u000a \u000a \u000a Ocean acidification may affect many marine organisms within the next 20 years and could alter marine ecosystems and fisheries. \u000a p3933 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3934 (dp3935 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3936 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3937 (dp3938 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p3939 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3940 (dp3941 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p3942 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3943 (dp3944 g16 Ven p3945 sg18 Nsg11 Vchristr p3946 sbtp3947 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3948 (dp3949 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/gross-nutrient-balance-1/gross-nutrient-balance-assessment-published p3950 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3951 (dp3952 g16 Ven p3953 sg18 Nsg11 VGross nutrient balance p3954 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3955 (dp3956 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2005-05-23T11:20:22Z p3957 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3958 (dp3959 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:52Z p3960 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3961 (dp3962 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2005-11-14T10:00:00Z p3963 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3964 (dp3965 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p3966 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3967 (dp3968 g16 Ven p3969 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p3970 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3971 (dp3972 g16 Ven p3973 sg18 Nsg11 V At EU-15 level the gross nitrogen balance in 2000 was calculated to be 55 kg/ha, which is 16% lower than the balance estimate in 1990, which was 66 kg/ha. In 2000 the gross nitrogen balance ranged from 37 kg/ha (Italy) to 226 kg/ha (the Netherlands). All national gross nitrogen balances show a decline in estimates of the gross nitrogen balance (kg/ha) between 1990 and 2000, apart from Ireland (22% increase) and Spain (47% increase). The following Member States showed organic fertiliser application rates greater than the threshold of 170 kg/ha specified by the Nitrates Directive in 2000: the Netherlands (206 kg/ha) and Belgium (204 kg/ha). The general decline in nitrogen balance surpluses is due to a small decrease in nitrogen input rates (-1.0%) and a significant increase in nitrogen output rates (10%). p3974 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp3975 (dp3976 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p3977 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3978 (dp3979 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-33-en p3980 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3981 (dp3982 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp3983 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp3984 (dp3985 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-and-consumption-of-fluorinated-2/assessment-2 p3986 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3987 (dp3988 g16 Ven p3989 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions and supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases in Europe p3990 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3991 (dp3992 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-10-23T18:36:55Z p3993 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3994 (dp3995 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:35Z p3996 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp3997 (dp3998 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-10-31T15:12:47Z p3999 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4000 (dp4001 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4002 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4003 (dp4004 g16 Ven p4005 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.5 p4006 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4007 (dp4008 g16 Ven p4009 sg18 Nsg11 V Fluorinated greenhouse gases reported under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounted for approximately 3 % of overall greenhouse gas emissions, expressed in tonnes CO 2  equivalent, in the EU in 2017. There was a 3 % decline in fluorinated greenhouse emissions in the EU in 2015, the first time a decline had been observed in 15 years. In 2016 and 2017, total fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions decreased by a further 1 % and 2 %, respectively. Increases in SF 6 were offset by decreases in HFCs and NF 3 . \u000a The supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU, measured in CO 2 equivalents, has been decreasing since 2010, with the exception of 2014, which saw extraordinarily high levels of hydrofluorocarbon imports prior to the EU-wide hydrofluorocarbon phase-down, coming into effect in 2015 under the EU F-gas Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 517/2014). \u000a The supply of unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons that have low global warming potential (GWP) approximately doubled each year from 2014 to 2017, replacing hydrofluorocarbons that have high global warming potential. However, trends in the use of non-halogenated refrigerants, which can also substitute hydrofluorocarbons, are not covered by statistics. \u000a The EU is on track to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons, in terms of both complying with its internal targets under the EU F-Gas Regulation since 2015,  and reaching the hydrofluorocarbon consumption limit, in effect since 2019, under the Montreal Protocol. p4010 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4011 (dp4012 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4013 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4014 (dp4015 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-354-en p4016 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4017 (dp4018 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM048, CSI044 p4019 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4020 (dp4021 g16 Ven p4022 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p4023 sbtp4024 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4025 (dp4026 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification-2/assessment p4027 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4028 (dp4029 g16 Ven p4030 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p4031 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4032 (dp4033 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-04-05T10:57:07Z p4034 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4035 (dp4036 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:50Z p4037 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4038 (dp4039 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-15T14:36:57Z p4040 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4041 (dp4042 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4043 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4044 (dp4045 g16 Ven p4046 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.6.1 p4047 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4048 (dp4049 g16 Ven p4050 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Ocean surface pH declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30 %. \u000a In recent decades, ocean acidification has been occurring 100 times faster than during natural events over the past 55 million years. \u000a Observed reductions in surface water pH are nearly identical across the Global Ocean and throughout European seas, except for variations near coasts. The reduction in pH in the northernmost European seas, i.e. the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea, is larger than the global average. \u000a Ocean acidification has already affected the deep ocean, particularly at high latitudes. \u000a Models consistently project further ocean acidification worldwide. Ocean surface pH is projected to decrease to values between 8.05 and 7.75 by the end of the 21st century, depending on future CO 2 emission levels. The largest projected decline represents more than a doubling in acidity. \u000a Ocean acidification is affecting marine organisms and this could alter marine ecosystems. \u000a p4051 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4052 (dp4053 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4054 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4055 (dp4056 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p4057 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4058 (dp4059 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p4060 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4061 (dp4062 g16 Ven p4063 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p4064 sbtp4065 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4066 (dp4067 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases-7/assessment p4068 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4069 (dp4070 g16 Ven p4071 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe p4072 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4073 (dp4074 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-17T11:21:55Z p4075 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4076 (dp4077 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2022-02-25T17:08:49Z p4078 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4079 (dp4080 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-18T19:38:22Z p4081 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4082 (dp4083 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4084 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4085 (dp4086 g16 Ven p4087 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.9 p4088 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4089 (dp4090 g16 Ven p4091 sg18 Nsg11 V Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU\u2019s transport increased in 2018 and 2019 and have not followed the EU\u2019s general decreasing emissions trend. National projections compiled by the EEA suggest that transport emissions in 2030 will remain above 1990 levels, even with measures currently planned in Member States. Further action is needed particularly in road transport, the highest contributor to transport emissions, as well as aviation and shipping, where transport demand is driving emissions upward in both absolute and relative terms. p4092 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4093 (dp4094 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4095 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4096 (dp4097 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-111-en p4098 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4099 (dp4100 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM002 p4101 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4102 (dp4103 g16 Ven p4104 sg18 Nsg11 Vnarkeras p4105 sbtp4106 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4107 (dp4108 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/nationally-designated-protected-areas-10/assessment p4109 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4110 (dp4111 g16 Ven p4112 sg18 Nsg11 VNationally designated protected areas p4113 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4114 (dp4115 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-08-03T13:33:05Z p4116 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4117 (dp4118 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:49:58Z p4119 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4120 (dp4121 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-19T17:27:51Z p4122 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4123 (dp4124 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4125 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4126 (dp4127 g16 Ven p4128 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.7.4 p4129 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4130 (dp4131 g16 Ven p4132 sg18 Nsg11 V The total area of nationally designated protected areas in Europe [1] has increased over time and amounted to 1.5 million km 2  across 39 European countries in 2017, covering almost 26 % of terrestrial territory and inland waters. With more than 100 000 sites, though often small and fragmented, Europe has more protected areas than any other region in the world. p4133 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4134 (dp4135 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4136 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4137 (dp4138 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-142-en p4139 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4140 (dp4141 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI008, SEBI007 p4142 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4143 (dp4144 g16 Ven p4145 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p4146 sbtp4147 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4148 (dp4149 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-13/assessment p4150 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4151 (dp4152 g16 Ven p4153 sg18 Nsg11 VPrimary and final energy consumption in Europe p4154 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4155 (dp4156 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-04T13:18:34Z p4157 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4158 (dp4159 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:06:45Z p4160 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4161 (dp4162 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:06:41Z p4163 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4164 (dp4165 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4166 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4167 (dp4168 g16 Ven p4169 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.2 p4170 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4171 (dp4172 g16 Ven p4173 sg18 Nsg11 V The Covid-19 pandemic had a profound impact on energy consumption in the European Union. In 2020, the EU\u2019s primary energy consumption (for all energy uses) experienced a historical drop following 2 years of moderate reductions. Final energy consumption (by end users) also saw a significant decrease, albeit less pronounced. This contributed to the EU meeting their 2020 energy efficiency targets for both primary and final energy consumption. A rebound must be avoided; and long-term reductions remain necessary to achieve the EU\u2019s energy and climate objectives for 2030 and 2050. p4174 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4175 (dp4176 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4177 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4178 (dp4179 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p4180 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4181 (dp4182 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p4183 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4184 (dp4185 g16 Ven p4186 sg18 Nsg11 Vesparjav p4187 sbtp4188 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4189 (dp4190 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/species-of-european-interest-3/assessment p4191 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4192 (dp4193 g16 Ven p4194 sg18 Nsg11 VConservation status of species under the EU Habitats Directive p4195 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4196 (dp4197 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-02-08T13:22:05Z p4198 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4199 (dp4200 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:18Z p4201 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4202 (dp4203 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-03-31T15:25:00Z p4204 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4205 (dp4206 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4207 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4208 (dp4209 g16 Ven p4210 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 1.0.7 p4211 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4212 (dp4213 g16 Ven p4214 sg18 Nsg11 V At EU level, only 27 % of species assessments have a good conservation status, with 63 % having a poor or bad conservation status. Only 6 % of all species have improving trends. Reptiles and vascular plants have the highest proportion of good conservation status.  The EU did not meet its 2020 target to improve the conservation status of EU protected species and habitats. At Member State level, a large proportion of assessments show few species with a good conservation status. Agriculture, urban sprawl, forestry and pollution are the pressures on species reported most. p4215 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4216 (dp4217 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4218 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4219 (dp4220 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-27-en p4221 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4222 (dp4223 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VSEBI003 p4224 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4225 (dp4226 g16 Ven p4227 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p4228 sbtp4229 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4230 (dp4231 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/lake-and-river-ice-cover-1/assessment p4232 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4233 (dp4234 g16 Ven p4235 sg18 Nsg11 VLake and river ice cover p4236 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4237 (dp4238 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-12T15:27:29Z p4239 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4240 (dp4241 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:16Z p4242 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4243 (dp4244 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-20T11:29:57Z p4245 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4246 (dp4247 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4248 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4249 (dp4250 g16 Ven p4251 sg18 Nsg11 V2012 2.0.1 p4252 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4253 (dp4254 g16 Ven p4255 sg18 Nsg11 V \u000a The existence of ice cover and the timing of ice break-up influence the vertical mixing of lakes and are therefore of critical ecological importance. \u000a \u000a \u000a The duration of ice cover on European lakes and rivers has shortened at a mean rate of 12 days per century over the last 150\u2013200 years. \u000a \u000a \u000a A further decrease in the duration of lake ice cover is projected with projected climate change. \u000a p4256 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4257 (dp4258 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4259 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4260 (dp4261 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-190-en p4262 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4263 (dp4264 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp4265 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4266 (dp4267 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-3/assessment-1 p4268 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4269 (dp4270 g16 Ven p4271 sg18 Nsg11 VEconomic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe p4272 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4273 (dp4274 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-11T08:53:19Z p4275 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4276 (dp4277 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:12Z p4278 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4279 (dp4280 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-02-27T09:00:15Z p4281 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4282 (dp4283 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4284 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4285 (dp4286 g16 Ven p4287 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.2 p4288 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4289 (dp4290 g16 Ven p4291 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Over the period 1980-2016, t he total reported economic losses caused by weather and climate-related extremes in the EEA member countries amounted to approximately EUR 436 billion (in 2016 Euro values).  \u000a Average annual economic losses varied between EUR 7.4 billion over the period 1980-1989, EUR 13.3 billion (1990-1999) and EUR 13.9 billion (2000-2009). Between 2010 and 2016, average annual losses were around EUR 12.8 billion. This high variability makes the analysis of historical trends difficult, since the choice of years heavily influences the trend outcome. \u000a The observed variations in reported economic losses over time are difficult to interpret since a large share of the total deflated losses has been caused by a small number of events. Specifically, more than 70 % of economic losses were caused by just 3 % of all unique registered events. \u000a Between 1980 and 2016, natural disasters caused by weather and climate-related extremes accounted for some 83 % of the monetary losses in the EU Member States. Throughout these 37 years, weather and climate-related losses accounted for a total of EUR 410 billion (at 2016 values). Reported economic losses mainly reflect monetised direct damages to certain assets. The loss of human life, cultural heritage or ecosystem services is not part of the estimation. \u000a In the EU, the most expensive climate extremes in the  period  analysed include the 2002 flood in Central Europe (over EUR 20 billion), the 2003 drought and heat wave (almost EUR 15 billion), and the 1999 winter storm and October 2000 flood in Italy and France (EUR 13 billion), all at 2016 values. \u000a p4292 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4293 (dp4294 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4295 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4296 (dp4297 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-182-en p4298 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4299 (dp4300 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM039, CSI042 p4301 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4302 (dp4303 g16 Ven p4304 sg18 Nsg11 Vvannewou p4305 sbtp4306 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4307 (dp4308 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-4/assessment p4309 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4310 (dp4311 g16 Ven p4312 sg18 Nsg11 VEconomic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe p4313 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4314 (dp4315 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-02T06:37:07Z p4316 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4317 (dp4318 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:42Z p4319 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4320 (dp4321 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-20T13:59:47Z p4322 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4323 (dp4324 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4325 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4326 (dp4327 g16 Ven p4328 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.4.1 p4329 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4330 (dp4331 g16 Ven p4332 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 1980 and 2019, climate-related extremes caused economic losses totalling an estimated EUR 446 billion in the EEA member countries. Although analysing trends in economic losses is difficult, partly as a result of high variability from year to year, climate-related extremes are becoming more common and, without mitigating action, could result in even greater losses in the coming years. The EU adaptation strategy aims to build resilience and ensure that Europe is well prepared to manage the risks and adapt to the impacts of climate change, thus minimising economic losses and other harms. p4333 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4334 (dp4335 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4336 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4337 (dp4338 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-182-en p4339 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4340 (dp4341 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM039, CSI042 p4342 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4343 (dp4344 g16 Ven p4345 sg18 Nsg11 Vvannewou p4346 sbtp4347 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4348 (dp4349 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-2/assessment-4 p4350 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4351 (dp4352 g16 Ven p4353 sg18 Nsg11 VOverview of electricity production and use in Europe p4354 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4355 (dp4356 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-13T15:40:47Z p4357 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4358 (dp4359 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:56Z p4360 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4361 (dp4362 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-18T13:00:42Z p4363 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4364 (dp4365 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4366 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4367 (dp4368 g16 Ven p4369 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p4370 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4371 (dp4372 g16 Ven p4373 sg18 Nsg11 V In 2016,  low-carbon energy sources (i.e. renewables and nuclear energy) continued to dominate the electricity mix for the second year in a row, together generating more power than fossil fuel sources. \u000a \u000a Fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas and oil) were responsible for 43 % of all gross electricity generation in 2016, a decrease of 11 percentage points across the EU compared with 2005 (54 %). \u000a By way of contrast, the share of electricity generated from renewable sources has grown rapidly since 2005, but the pace of growth has slowed down after 2014. In 2016, renewable electricity reached almost one third (29 %) of all gross electricity generation in the EU. This is twice as much as in 2005. As such, renewable sources generated more electricity in 2016 than nuclear sources or coal and lignite. \u000a Nuclear energy sources contributed roughly one quarter (26 %) of all gross electricity generation in 2016. \u000a \u000a The transition from fossil fuels to renewable fuels, together with improved transformation efficiencies in electricity generation, led to an average annual 2.6 % decrease in CO 2 emissions per kWh between 2005 and 2016. \u000a Final electricity consumption (the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports) in the EU increased by one percent in 2016 compared with 2015, reaching the same level as in 2005. The sharpest growth was observed in the services sector (1.2 % per year) and the sharpest decline in industry (-1.0 % per year). \u000a With regards to the non-EU EEA countries,  between 2005 and 2016, electricity generation increased by an average of 4.9 % per  year in Turkey, 7.1 % per year  in Iceland and 0.7 % per year in Norway. p4374 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4375 (dp4376 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4377 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4378 (dp4379 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p4380 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4381 (dp4382 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p4383 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4384 (dp4385 g16 Ven p4386 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p4387 sbtp4388 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4389 (dp4390 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-intensity-of-1/assessment p4391 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4392 (dp4393 g16 Ven p4394 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emission intensity of fuels and biofuels for road transport in Europe p4395 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4396 (dp4397 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-22T07:06:24Z p4398 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4399 (dp4400 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T17:11:26Z p4401 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4402 (dp4403 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:00:16Z p4404 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4405 (dp4406 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4407 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4408 (dp4409 g16 Ven p4410 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.5.4 p4411 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4412 (dp4413 g16 Ven p4414 sg18 Nsg11 V In 2019, the EU was not on track to meet its target to reduce the greenhouse gas emission intensity of fuels sold for road transport to 6% below 2010 levels by 2020. Between 2010 and 2019, emission intensity decreased by 4.3%, mostly due to the increased use of biofuels. Finland and Sweden are the only Member States whose emission intensities decreased by more than 6%, with the Netherlands reporting a 5.8% reduction in 2019. If the indirect land use change (ILUC) effects of biofuel production are considered, the emission intensity of fuels sold in the EU also decreased between 2018 and 2019, due to the limited substitution of oil crops as feedstocks by sugars. p4415 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4416 (dp4417 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4418 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4419 (dp4420 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-523-en p4421 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4422 (dp4423 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM055 p4424 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4425 (dp4426 g16 Ven p4427 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p4428 sbtp4429 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4430 (dp4431 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/greenhouse-gas-emissions-intensity-of/assessment p4432 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4433 (dp4434 g16 Ven p4435 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emission intensity of fuels and biofuels for road transport in Europe p4436 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4437 (dp4438 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-04T15:25:20Z p4439 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4440 (dp4441 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:00:21Z p4442 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4443 (dp4444 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-19T10:49:09Z p4445 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4446 (dp4447 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4448 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4449 (dp4450 g16 Ven p4451 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.6 p4452 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4453 (dp4454 g16 Ven p4455 sg18 Nsg11 V The EU is not on track to reduce the greenhouse gas emission intensity of fuels sold for road transport to 6 % below 2010 levels, as set out in its 2020 target. Between 2010 and 2018, the emission intensity decreased by 3.7 %, mostly due to the increased use of biofuels. Finland and Sweden are the only Member States whose emission intensities decreased by more than 6 %. If the indirect land use change effects of biofuel production are considered, the emission intensity of fuels sold in the EU actually increased between 2017 and 2018, because of the increased use of oil crops as feedstocks. p4456 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4457 (dp4458 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4459 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4460 (dp4461 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-523-en p4462 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4463 (dp4464 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM055 p4465 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4466 (dp4467 g16 Ven p4468 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p4469 sbtp4470 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4471 (dp4472 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/arctic-sea-ice-3/assessment-1 p4473 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4474 (dp4475 g16 Ven p4476 sg18 Nsg11 VArctic and Baltic sea ice p4477 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4478 (dp4479 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-05T16:11:14Z p4480 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4481 (dp4482 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:48:15Z p4483 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4484 (dp4485 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-04T09:50:49Z p4486 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4487 (dp4488 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4489 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4490 (dp4491 g16 Ven p4492 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.4.1 p4493 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4494 (dp4495 g16 Ven p4496 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The extent and volume of Arctic sea ice is declining rapidly. Over the period 1979\u20132019, the Arctic has lost, on average, 82 000 km 2 per year by the end of summer and 42 000 km 2 of sea ice per year in winter. \u000a Arctic summer sea ice in each of the last 13 years (2007\u20132019) was lower than in any previous year (1979\u20132006). Arctic winter sea ice in 2018 and 2017 were the lowest on record. The Arctic sea ice is also getting younger and thinner. \u000a \u000a \u000a Arctic sea ice is projected to continue shrinking and thinning. At current emission rates, a nearly ice-free Arctic Ocean at the end of summer is likely before mid-century. \u000a Reduced Arctic sea ice is accelerating global warming through the ice-albedo feedback. Arctic sea ice decline has also been linked to changing climate and weather extremes in Europe and beyond. \u000a The maximum sea ice extent in the Baltic Sea shows a decreasing trend since about 1800. The decrease appears to have accelerated since the 1980s, but the interannual variability is large. \u000a Baltic Sea ice, in particular the extent of the maximal cover, is projected to continue to shrink. \u000a p4497 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4498 (dp4499 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4500 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4501 (dp4502 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-98-en p4503 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4504 (dp4505 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM010, CSI053 p4506 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4507 (dp4508 g16 Ven p4509 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p4510 sbtp4511 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4512 (dp4513 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-emissions-of-greenhouse-gases-7/assessment-2 p4514 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4515 (dp4516 g16 Ven p4517 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe p4518 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4519 (dp4520 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-08T12:03:20Z p4521 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4522 (dp4523 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:40:20Z p4524 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4525 (dp4526 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:40:06Z p4527 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4528 (dp4529 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4530 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4531 (dp4532 g16 Ven p4533 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.5.5 p4534 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4535 (dp4536 g16 Ven p4537 sg18 Nsg11 V Greenhouse gas emissions from the EU\u2019s transport sector increased steadily between 2013 and 2019, a trend that diverges significantly from those in other sectors during that period. Preliminary estimates for 2020 indicate a substantial drop in transport emissions, due to decreased activity during the Covid-19 pandemic. It is anticipated that transport emissions will rebound after 2020. National projections compiled by the EEA indicate that even with measures currently planned in the Member States, domestic transport emissions will only drop below their 1990 level in 2029. International transport emissions (aviation and maritime) are projected to continue increasing. p4538 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4539 (dp4540 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4541 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4542 (dp4543 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-111-en p4544 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4545 (dp4546 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM002 p4547 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4548 (dp4549 g16 Ven p4550 sg18 Nsg11 Vnarkeras p4551 sbtp4552 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4553 (dp4554 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/abundance-and-distribution-of-selected-species-6/assessment p4555 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4556 (dp4557 g16 Ven p4558 sg18 Nsg11 VAbundance and distribution of selected species p4559 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4560 (dp4561 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-08-07T12:31:21Z p4562 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4563 (dp4564 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:41Z p4565 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4566 (dp4567 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-10-27T13:06:56Z p4568 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4569 (dp4570 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4571 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4572 (dp4573 g16 Ven p4574 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.7.4 p4575 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4576 (dp4577 g16 Ven p4578 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Since 1990, populations of common birds have decreased by around 13 % in the 26 EU Member States that have bird population monitoring schemes. The decrease is slightly worse (14 %) if figures for Norway and Switzerland are included. \u000a The decline in common farmland bird numbers in the same period was more pronounced, at 31.5 % (EU) and 34 % (EU plus Norway and Switzerland).  \u000a Grassland butterflies also showed a significant rate of decline (32 %) between 1990 and 2015 in the 19 European countries where butterfly population monitoring schemes exist. The rate of loss has slowed down in the last 10 years, but the population abundance trend remains negative. \u000a p4579 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4580 (dp4581 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4582 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4583 (dp4584 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-140-en p4585 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4586 (dp4587 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI050, SEBI001 p4588 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4589 (dp4590 g16 Ven p4591 sg18 Nsg11 Vbialakat p4592 sbtp4593 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4594 (dp4595 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-and-consumption-of-fluorinated-2/assessment-1 p4596 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4597 (dp4598 g16 Ven p4599 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions and supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases in Europe p4600 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4601 (dp4602 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-05-07T11:27:00Z p4603 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4604 (dp4605 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:41:01Z p4606 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4607 (dp4608 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-09-09T15:34:07Z p4609 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4610 (dp4611 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4612 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4613 (dp4614 g16 Ven p4615 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p4616 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4617 (dp4618 g16 Ven p4619 sg18 Nsg11 V Fluorinated greenhouse gases reported under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change accounted for approximately 3 % of overall greenhouse gas emissions expressed in tonnes CO 2  equivalent in the EU in 2016. Hydrofluorocarbons account for more than 90 % of fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions. Remaining emissions are accounted for by perfluorinated greenhouse gases, i.e. perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. \u000a The year 2015 was the first year of declining fluorinated greenhouse emissions (3 %) in the EU in 15 years. In 2016, total fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions rose by 0.6 % due to increases in perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, while hydrofluorocarbons decreased further by 0.1 %. \u000a For most applications of fluorinated greenhouse gases, there is a significant time lag between the supply of these gases for industrial use and emissions: emissions mainly occur through the leakage of gases contained in products or equipment, or at the end of the product or equipment lifetime if fluorinated greenhouse gases are not fully recovered and destroyed or re-used. \u000a The supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases to the EU, measured in CO 2 equivalents, has been decreasing since 2010, with the exception of 2014, which saw extraordinarily high levels of hydrofluorocarbon imports prior to the EU-wide hydrofluorocarbon phase-down, coming into effect in 2015 under the EU F-gas Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 517/2014). Hydrofluorocarbons account for 80 % of present fluorinated greenhouse gas supply and are used primarily as refrigerants in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment. Other important uses of hydrofluorocarbons include as foam-blowing agents and in aerosols. Perfluorinated greenhouse gases (20 % of supply in 2016) are mainly used as protective gases in electrical equipment and as etching agents in electronics manufacture. \u000a The supply of unsaturated hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons that have low global warming potential approximately doubled each year from 2014 to 2017, replacing hydrofluorocarbons that have high global warming potential. Trends in the use of non-halogenated refrigerants, however, which can also substitute hydrofluorocarbons, are not covered by statistics. \u000a The EU is on track to phase down the use of hydrofluorocarbons, in terms of both complying, since 2015, with its internal targets under the EU F-Gas Regulation and reaching the hydrofluorocarbon consumption limit, coming into effect in 2019, under the Montreal Protocol. p4620 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4621 (dp4622 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4623 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4624 (dp4625 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-354-en p4626 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4627 (dp4628 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM048, CSI044 p4629 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4630 (dp4631 g16 Ven p4632 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p4633 sbtp4634 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4635 (dp4636 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-6/assessment p4637 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4638 (dp4639 g16 Ven p4640 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe p4641 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4642 (dp4643 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-04T10:28:46Z p4644 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4645 (dp4646 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-23T00:40:21Z p4647 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4648 (dp4649 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T10:05:40Z p4650 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4651 (dp4652 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4653 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4654 (dp4655 g16 Ven p4656 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.4.1 p4657 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4658 (dp4659 g16 Ven p4660 sg18 Nsg11 V With a 21.3% share of energy consumed from renewable sources in 2020, the EU has reached its headline target (20%) for 2020, according to EEA early estimates. This success builds upon years of consistent work by all Member States, even if national progress is uneven. The exceptional circumstances of 2020, marked by disruptions in all economic sectors due to the pandemic, have facilitated meeting the renewable energy target by lowering total energy consumption. An unprecedented transformation in the energy system will still be necessary to meet the 32% renewable energy target set for 2030. p4661 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4662 (dp4663 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4664 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4665 (dp4666 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p4667 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4668 (dp4669 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p4670 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4671 (dp4672 g16 Ven p4673 sg18 Nsg11 Vesparjav p4674 sbtp4675 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4676 (dp4677 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/industrial-pollutant-releases-to-water/assessment p4678 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4679 (dp4680 g16 Ven p4681 sg18 Nsg11 VIndustrial pollutant releases to water in Europe p4682 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4683 (dp4684 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-25T09:27:21Z p4685 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4686 (dp4687 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-21T14:11:47Z p4688 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4689 (dp4690 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-21T14:11:41Z p4691 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4692 (dp4693 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4694 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4695 (dp4696 g16 Ven p4697 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p4698 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4699 (dp4700 g16 Ven p4701 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 2010 and 2019, industrial releases to Europe\u2019s water bodies of pollutants that are damaging to human health and the environment declined overall. Releases of heavy metals declined significantly, while emissions of nitrogen and phosphorus, which cause eutrophication, declined to a lesser extent. In the same period, the economic value of industry increased by 14%, in line with the EU policy objective of supporting industrial growth while decreasing industrial emissions. However, data gaps make it difficult to assess industry\u2019s contribution to overall water pollution in Europe. p4702 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4703 (dp4704 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4705 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4706 (dp4707 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-551-en p4708 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4709 (dp4710 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VINDP005 p4711 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4712 (dp4713 g16 Ven p4714 sg18 Nsg11 Vantogfed p4715 sbtp4716 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4717 (dp4718 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-1/assessment p4719 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4720 (dp4721 g16 Ven p4722 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure to and annoyance by traffic noise p4723 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4724 (dp4725 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2014-11-28T13:42:23Z p4726 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4727 (dp4728 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:22Z p4729 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4730 (dp4731 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2014-12-12T11:33:24Z p4732 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4733 (dp4734 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4735 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4736 (dp4737 g16 Ven p4738 sg18 Nsg11 V2014 1.1.2 p4739 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4740 (dp4741 g16 Ven p4742 sg18 Nsg11 V Road traffic is, by far, the major source of traffic noise in Europe both inside and outside agglomerations. It should be also highlighted that significant numbers of people remain exposed to high levels of noise from rail and aircraft. \u000a In the largest European cities, over 250 thousand inhabitants, noise from road transport is a major concern, as in 2007 almost 67 million people were exposed to long-term average road traffic noise levels exceeding 55dB L den (weighted average day, evening, night). At night time, for the same reported cities, more than 45 million people were exposed to road noise levels higher than 50dB. Concerning noise from major roads outside agglomerations, 33 million were affected during daytime and 23 million at night periods. \u000a When available data allows for comparison between 2007 and 2012, different patterns have been observed: there has been a general increase of people exposed to all noise bands from airports, a slight increase of people exposed to noise from roads (only people exposed to lower noise bands), and a slight decrease of people exposed to noise from railways. Nevertheless, for 2012 reference year, information on strategic noise maps is missing for 12 out of 33 EEA member countries.  p4743 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4744 (dp4745 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4746 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4747 (dp4748 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p4749 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4750 (dp4751 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM005 p4752 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4753 (dp4754 g16 Ven p4755 sg18 Nsg11 Vvicenalf p4756 sbtp4757 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4758 (dp4759 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification-4/assessment p4760 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4761 (dp4762 g16 Ven p4763 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p4764 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4765 (dp4766 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-10T13:54:52Z p4767 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4768 (dp4769 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-30T13:41:48Z p4770 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4771 (dp4772 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-09T11:30:00Z p4773 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4774 (dp4775 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4776 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4777 (dp4778 g16 Ven p4779 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 1.0.7 p4780 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4781 (dp4782 g16 Ven p4783 sg18 Nsg11 V Ocean surface pH declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30%. Reductions in surface water pH are observed across the global ocean. Ocean acidification has impacts on marine organisms and has already affected the deep ocean, particularly at high latitudes. Models project further ocean acidification worldwide. The target under United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14.3 is to minimise the impacts of this by 2030. p4784 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4785 (dp4786 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4787 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4788 (dp4789 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p4790 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4791 (dp4792 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p4793 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4794 (dp4795 g16 Ven p4796 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p4797 sbtp4798 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4799 (dp4800 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/mobility-and-urbanisation-pressure-on-ecosystems-2/assessment p4801 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4802 (dp4803 g16 Ven p4804 sg18 Nsg11 VLandscape fragmentation pressure and trends in Europe p4805 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4806 (dp4807 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-08-29T07:31:59Z p4808 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4809 (dp4810 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-12-17T09:31:45Z p4811 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4812 (dp4813 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-13T14:52:05Z p4814 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4815 (dp4816 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4817 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4818 (dp4819 g16 Ven p4820 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.8.2 p4821 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4822 (dp4823 g16 Ven p4824 sg18 Nsg11 V In 2015, on average, there were around 1.5 fragmented landscape elements per km 2 in the European Union  [1] , a 3.7 % increase compared with 2009. \u000a Approximately 1.13 million km 2 , around 28 % of the area of the EU  [1] , was strongly fragmented i n 2015 , a 0.7 % increase compared with 2009. \u000a There was less of an increase in fragmented landscape elements and in the area of strongly fragmented landscape between 2012 and 2015 than between 2009 and 2012 (1.4 and 0.18 percentage points, respectively). \u000a Arable lands and permanent croplands (around 42 .6 %) and pastures and farmland mosaics (around 40.2 %) were most affected by strong fragmentation pressure in 2015 in the EU. Between 2009 and 2015, however, the largest increase in the area of strongly fragmented landscape was in grasslands/pastures and in farmland mosaics.   \u000a Luxembourg (91 %), Belgium (83 %) and Malta (70 %) had the largest proportions of strongly fragmented landscape in 2015 (as a proportion of their country area). The Baltic countries and Finland and Sweden were on average the least fragmented countries in the EU. \u000a Between 2009 and 2015, the area of strongly fragmented landscape increased most in Croatia, as well as in Greece, Hungary and Poland. \u000a \u000a \u000a \u000a [1]  Romania is excluded because of the poor coverage of fragmentation geometry data in 2009. \u000a \u000a \u000a   p4825 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4826 (dp4827 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4828 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4829 (dp4830 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-450-en p4831 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4832 (dp4833 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI054, LSI004 p4834 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4835 (dp4836 g16 Ven p4837 sg18 Nsg11 Vwasseeva p4838 sbtp4839 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4840 (dp4841 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/sea-level-rise-7/assessment p4842 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4843 (dp4844 g16 Ven p4845 sg18 Nsg11 VGlobal and European sea level rise p4846 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4847 (dp4848 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-28T13:42:19Z p4849 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4850 (dp4851 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:49Z p4852 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4853 (dp4854 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-11T14:50:40Z p4855 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4856 (dp4857 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4858 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4859 (dp4860 g16 Ven p4861 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.1.2 p4862 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4863 (dp4864 g16 Ven p4865 sg18 Nsg11 V Global mean sea level (GMSL) has risen about 19 cm since 1900, at an accelerating rate. GMSL reached its highest value ever in 2019. Climate models project a GMSL rise during the 21st century that will likely be in the range of 0.29-0.59 m for a low emissions scenario and 0.61-1.10 m for a high one. GMSL projections that include the possibility of faster disintegration of the polar ice sheets predict a rise of up to 2.4 m in 2100 and up to 15 m in 2300. Most coastal regions in Europe have experienced an increase in sea level relative to land, except for the northern Baltic coast. p4866 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4867 (dp4868 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4869 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4870 (dp4871 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-193-en p4872 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4873 (dp4874 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM012, CSI047 p4875 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4876 (dp4877 g16 Ven p4878 sg18 Nsg11 Vfussehan p4879 sbtp4880 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4881 (dp4882 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/industrial-pollution-in-europe/assessment-1 p4883 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4884 (dp4885 g16 Ven p4886 sg18 Nsg11 VIndustrial pollution in Europe p4887 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4888 (dp4889 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-08-06T06:30:42Z p4890 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4891 (dp4892 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:43:20Z p4893 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4894 (dp4895 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-09-25T08:35:32Z p4896 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4897 (dp4898 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4899 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4900 (dp4901 g16 Ven p4902 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.2.2 p4903 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4904 (dp4905 g16 Ven p4906 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Europe aims to have a strong, growing and low-carbon industry with closed material cycles. \u000a Currently, industry remains a significant source of pollutant releases to Europe\u2019s environment. \u000a Releases of pollutants to air and water by European industry have generally decreased during the last decade. \u000a Environmental regulation and improved pollutant abatement technology, among other factors, have led to decreasing pollutant releases to air and water in Europe. \u000a Soil contamination in Europe is, among other things, linked to industrial activity. \u000a Waste transfers from industrial facilities in the EU have remained relatively stable in the last decade. \u000a p4907 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4908 (dp4909 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4910 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4911 (dp4912 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-446-en p4913 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4914 (dp4915 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI055, INDP003 p4916 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4917 (dp4918 g16 Ven p4919 sg18 Nsg11 Vzeigebas p4920 sbtp4921 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4922 (dp4923 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment-3 p4924 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4925 (dp4926 g16 Ven p4927 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances p4928 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4929 (dp4930 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-14T18:29:42Z p4931 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4932 (dp4933 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:33Z p4934 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4935 (dp4936 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-13T13:21:02Z p4937 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4938 (dp4939 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4940 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4941 (dp4942 g16 Ven p4943 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.3.2 p4944 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4945 (dp4946 g16 Ven p4947 sg18 Nsg11 V A significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) has been achieved by the EEA-33 countries since 1986. This reduction has been largely driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol. \u000a Upon entry into force of the Montreal Protocol, EEA-33 consumption was approximately 420 000 ozone-depleting potential tonnes (ODP tonnes). Consumption values around zero were reached in 2002 and have remained consistently so ever since. S ince the early 1990s, th e European Union (EU) has taken additional measures, in the shape of  EU law,  to reduce the consumption of ODS. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol and it has also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the EU. p4948 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4949 (dp4950 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4951 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4952 (dp4953 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p4954 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4955 (dp4956 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp4957 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4958 (dp4959 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-3/assessment p4960 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4961 (dp4962 g16 Ven p4963 sg18 Nsg11 VEconomic losses from climate-related extremes in Europe p4964 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4965 (dp4966 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-01-09T13:03:58Z p4967 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4968 (dp4969 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:58Z p4970 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4971 (dp4972 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-01-17T14:13:24Z p4973 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4974 (dp4975 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p4976 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4977 (dp4978 g16 Ven p4979 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.2 p4980 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4981 (dp4982 g16 Ven p4983 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The total reported economic losses caused by weather and climate-related extremes in the EEA member countries over the period 1980-2015 amount to around EUR 433 billion (in 2015 Euro values). The average annual economic losses have varied between EUR 7.5 billion in the period 1980-1989, EUR 13.5 billion in the period 1990-1999, and EUR 14.3 billion in the period 2000-2009. In the period from 2010 to 2015 the average annual loss accounted to around EUR 13.3 billion.   \u000a The observed variations in reported economic loss over time are difficult to interpret since a large share of the total deflated losses has been caused by a small number of events. Specifically, more than 70 % of the economic losses was caused by only 3 % of all registered events. \u000a p4984 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp4985 (dp4986 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p4987 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4988 (dp4989 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-182-en p4990 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4991 (dp4992 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM039, CSI042 p4993 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp4994 (dp4995 g16 Ven p4996 sg18 Nsg11 Vvannewou p4997 sbtp4998 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp4999 (dp5000 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-and-consumption-of-fluorinated-3/assessment p5001 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5002 (dp5003 g16 Ven p5004 sg18 Nsg11 VHydrofluorocarbon phase-down in Europe p5005 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5006 (dp5007 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-17T12:55:39Z p5008 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5009 (dp5010 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:17Z p5011 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5012 (dp5013 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-16T20:23:50Z p5014 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5015 (dp5016 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5017 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5018 (dp5019 g16 Ven p5020 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.5 p5021 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5022 (dp5023 g16 Ven p5024 sg18 Nsg11 V After increasing for 13 years, fluorinated greenhouse gas (F-gas) emissions in the EU decreased for the first time in 2015, and fell by 5 % in 2018 compared to 2017. This can be partly attributed to the EU-wide hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) phase-down set out in the F-gas Regulation, which aims to reduce F-gas emissions and mitigate global warming. HFCs account for the majority of F-gas emissions and the EU is on track to meet targets and phase down HFC use by 2030. It is also on track to meet its international obligation to reduce HFC consumption, in effect since 2019, under the Montreal Protocol. p5025 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5026 (dp5027 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5028 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5029 (dp5030 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-354-en p5031 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5032 (dp5033 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM048, CSI044 p5034 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5035 (dp5036 g16 Ven p5037 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p5038 sbtp5039 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5040 (dp5041 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/external-costs-and-charges-per/external-costs-and-charges-per p5042 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5043 (dp5044 g16 Ven p5045 sg18 Nsg11 VExternal costs and charges per vehicle type p5046 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5047 (dp5048 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2010-03-31T11:48:15Z p5049 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5050 (dp5051 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:43:13Z p5052 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5053 (dp5054 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2010-10-12T22:00:00Z p5055 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5056 (dp5057 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5058 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5059 (dp5060 g16 Ven p5061 sg18 Nsg11 V2009 2.10.2 p5062 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5063 (dp5064 g16 Ven p5065 sg18 Nsg11 V \u000a Transport activities give rise to environmental impacts, congestion and accidents. The internalisation of external costs is necessary to ensure that transport users bare the full cost of transport, so that there is more efficient use of infrastructure, the fairness between transport users is improved and that the negative side effects of transport are reduced. This will encourage users to change their behaviour in order to reduce those costs. \u000a \u000a According to available estimates - which refer to road transport - the most common external costs reach 2.6% of GDP. These costs are generically paid by all citizens, thus not in ways that are related to the externalities (UNITE, 2000). \u000a \u000a The EU impact assessment on the externalisation reports that if no action is taken within the next few years the environmental costs (air pollution, CO2 emissions) could reach \u20ac210 billion by 2020 COM(2008)435 \u000a p5066 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5067 (dp5068 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5069 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5070 (dp5071 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-175-en p5072 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5073 (dp5074 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM025 p5075 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5076 (dp5077 g16 Ven p5078 sg18 Nsg11 Vpastocin p5079 sbtp5080 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5081 (dp5082 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-of-ecosystems-to-acidification-14/assessment-1 p5083 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5084 (dp5085 g16 Ven p5086 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's ecosystems to acidification, eutrophication and ozone p5087 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5088 (dp5089 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-06-19T15:06:16Z p5090 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5091 (dp5092 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:11Z p5093 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5094 (dp5095 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-10-02T14:40:22Z p5096 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5097 (dp5098 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5099 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5100 (dp5101 g16 Ven p5102 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.1.2 p5103 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5104 (dp5105 g16 Ven p5106 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In the EU-28, critical loads for acidification were exceeded in 7 % of the ecosystem area in 2010, down from 43 % in 1980. The figure also decreased to 7 % of the ecosystem area across all EEA member countries. There are still some areas where the interim objective for reducing acidification, as defined in the EU's National Emission Ceilings Directive, has not been met.  \u000a The EU-28 ecosystem area in which the critical loads for eutrophication were exceeded peaked at 84 % in 1990 and decreased to 63 % in 2010 (55 % in the EEA member countries). The area in exceedance is projected to further decrease to 54 % in 2020 for the EU-28 (48 % in the EEA member countries), assuming current legislation is implemented. The magnitude of the exceedances is also projected to decline considerably in most areas, except for a few 'hot spot' areas in western France and the border areas between Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, as well as in northern Italy. \u000a Looking ahead, only 4 % of the EU-28 ecosystem area (3 % in EEA member countries) is projected to exceed acidification critical loads in 2020 if current legislation is fully implemented. The eutrophication reduction target set in the updated EU air pollution strategy proposed by the European Commission in late 2013, will be met by 2030 if it is assumed that all maximum technically feasible reduction measures are implemented, but it will not be met by current legislation. \u000a For ozone, most of Europe's vegetation and agricultural crops are exposed to ozone levels that exceed the long term objective specified in the EU's Air Quality Directive. A significant fraction is also exposed to levels above the target value threshold defined in the directive. The effect-related concentrations show large year-to-year variations. Over the period 1996-2015, the concentrations observed at rural background stations increased until 2006, after which it decreased. After a six-year period (2009-2014) of relatively low values, the fraction of agricultural crops exposed to levels above the target value increased again to 30 % in 2015. However, at the low end of the exposure spectrum there was an increase in the area with levels below the long-term objective from 15 % (2014) to 21 % (2015). \u000a During the past 5 years, around 58-62 % of the forest area was exposed to ozone concentrations above the critical level set by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) for the protection of forests.  \u000a p5107 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5108 (dp5109 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5110 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5111 (dp5112 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-30-en p5113 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5114 (dp5115 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR004, CSI005 p5116 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5117 (dp5118 g16 Ven p5119 sg18 Nsg11 Vozturevr p5120 sbtp5121 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5122 (dp5123 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions-2/assessment p5124 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5125 (dp5126 g16 Ven p5127 sg18 Nsg11 VHeavy metal emissions in Europe p5128 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5129 (dp5130 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-26T09:20:31Z p5131 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5132 (dp5133 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-13T07:32:39Z p5134 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5135 (dp5136 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-13T07:32:36Z p5137 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5138 (dp5139 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5140 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5141 (dp5142 g16 Ven p5143 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p5144 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5145 (dp5146 g16 Ven p5147 sg18 Nsg11 V Heavy metals accumulate in ecosystems and damage human health. In line with the EU\u2019s commitments under the Air Convention, specific legislation led to reductions in emissions of heavy metals across Europe from 1990 levels. Between 2005 and 2019, emissions have continued to decline, with lead emissions decreasing by 44%, mercury emissions by 45% and cadmium emissions by 33% across the EU-27 Member States. In 2019, Germany, Italy and Poland contributed most to heavy metal emissions in the EU. p5148 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5149 (dp5150 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5151 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5152 (dp5153 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-171-en p5154 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5155 (dp5156 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR001 p5157 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5158 (dp5159 g16 Ven p5160 sg18 Nsg11 Vmolnalea p5161 sbtp5162 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5163 (dp5164 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-3/assessment-1 p5165 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5166 (dp5167 g16 Ven p5168 sg18 Nsg11 VGreenhouse gas emission intensity of electricity generation in Europe p5169 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5170 (dp5171 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-02T08:57:59Z p5172 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5173 (dp5174 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-26T09:09:13Z p5175 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5176 (dp5177 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-11T14:02:08Z p5178 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5179 (dp5180 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5181 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5182 (dp5183 g16 Ven p5184 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.8 p5185 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5186 (dp5187 g16 Ven p5188 sg18 Nsg11 V The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity of power generation is falling across the EU. Climate mitigation and energy policies and legislation addressing air pollutant emissions from industrial installations support decarbonisation via a gradual switch to renewable or to less carbon-intensive fossil fuels and by improving the efficiency of transformation processes in the sector. By 2019, the GHG emission intensity of electricity generation had halved compared with 1990. If the declining trend of the past decade continued, EU electricity generation would fully decarbonise by 2050. To accomplish this, meet the EU GHG emission reductions targets for 2030 of 55% below 1990 levels and reach climate neutrality by 2050, additional polices and measures are needed. p5189 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5190 (dp5191 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5192 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5193 (dp5194 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p5195 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5196 (dp5197 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p5198 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5199 (dp5200 g16 Ven p5201 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p5202 sbtp5203 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5204 (dp5205 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification-3/assessment p5206 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5207 (dp5208 g16 Ven p5209 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p5210 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5211 (dp5212 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-05-14T08:00:31Z p5213 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5214 (dp5215 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-09T11:30:57Z p5216 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5217 (dp5218 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-06-24T13:51:25Z p5219 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5220 (dp5221 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5222 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5223 (dp5224 g16 Ven p5225 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.4.1 p5226 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5227 (dp5228 g16 Ven p5229 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Currently, the ocean takes up about one quarter of global CO 2 emissions from human activities. The uptake of CO 2 in the sea causes ocean acidification, as the pH of sea water declines. \u000a Ocean surface pH declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of an increase in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30 %. \u000a In recent decades, ocean acidification has been occurring 100 times faster than during natural events over the past 55 million years. These rapid chemical changes are an added pressure on marine ecosystems. \u000a Observed reductions in surface water pH are nearly identical across the global ocean and throughout European seas, except for variations near coasts. The reduction in pH in the northernmost European seas, i.e. the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea, is larger than the global average. \u000a Ocean acidification has wide-ranging impacts on marine ecosystems. A reduction in carbonate availability reduces the rate of calcification of marine calcifying organisms, such as reef-building corals, shellfish and plankton. Ocean acidification has already affected the deep ocean, particularly at high latitudes. \u000a Changes in pH affect biological processes, e.g. enzyme activities and photosynthesis, which in turn affects primary production. These changes may be exacerbated by rising seawater temperatures. \u000a Changes in marine primary production will have an impact on the global carbon cycle and the absorption of atmospheric CO 2 in the ocean, as well as on the overall capacity of ocean to mitigate climate change. \u000a Models consistently project further ocean acidification worldwide. Ocean surface pH is projected to decrease to values between 8.05 and 7.75 by the end of the 21st century, depending on future CO 2 emission levels. The largest projected decline represents more than a doubling in acidity. \u000a The combined effects of elevated seawater temperatures, deoxygenation and acidification are expected to have negative effects on entire marine ecosystems and cause changes in food webs and marine production, and will also result in economic losses. \u000a p5230 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5231 (dp5232 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5233 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5234 (dp5235 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p5236 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5237 (dp5238 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p5239 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5240 (dp5241 g16 Ven p5242 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p5243 sbtp5244 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5245 (dp5246 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-4/assessment p5247 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5248 (dp5249 g16 Ven p5250 sg18 Nsg11 VExceedance of air quality standards in Europe p5251 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5252 (dp5253 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-30T11:00:23Z p5254 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5255 (dp5256 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-27T15:34:41Z p5257 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5258 (dp5259 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-10-27T15:34:09Z p5260 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5261 (dp5262 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5263 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5264 (dp5265 g16 Ven p5266 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 3.0.7 p5267 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5268 (dp5269 g16 Ven p5270 sg18 Nsg11 V EU legislation has led to improvements in air quality, with the percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above standards set to protect human health falling between 2000 and 2019. However, poor air quality remains a problem: in 2019, 21% of citizens were exposed to O 3 and 10% to PM 10  levels above EU standards. This is mainly because of emissions from transport and buildings, but also from agriculture and industry. Without radical changes to mobility, energy and food systems and industry, it is unlikely that air quality targets will be met in the near future. p5271 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5272 (dp5273 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5274 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5275 (dp5276 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-34-en p5277 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5278 (dp5279 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR003, CSI004 p5280 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5281 (dp5282 g16 Ven p5283 sg18 Nsg11 Vortizalb p5284 sbtp5285 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5286 (dp5287 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-9/assessment-1 p5288 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5289 (dp5290 g16 Ven p5291 sg18 Nsg11 VFinal energy consumption by sector and fuel p5292 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5293 (dp5294 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-30T15:15:22Z p5295 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5296 (dp5297 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:41:55Z p5298 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5299 (dp5300 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-01-11T14:49:26Z p5301 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5302 (dp5303 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5304 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5305 (dp5306 g16 Ven p5307 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.3.2 p5308 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5309 (dp5310 g16 Ven p5311 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 2005 and 2014, final energy consumption decreased by 11 % (1.3 % annually) in the EU-28. Final energy consumption decreased in all sectors, particularly in the industry and households sectors (16.5 % and 14.8 %, respectively), but also in the transport (4.5 %) and services sectors (1.7 %). This decrease in final energy consumption since 2005 was influenced by economic performance, structural changes in various end-use sectors, particularly industry, improvements in end-use efficiency and lower than average heat consumption as a result of favorable climatic conditions, particularly in 2011 and 2014. In 2014, the EU-28 met its 2020 target for final energy consumption. \u000a Between 2005 and 2014, final energy consumption in some non-EU EEA countries, namely Turkey, Iceland and Norway, increased by 28 % (2.8 % per year). This difference was caused by an increase in energy consumption in Turkey (35 %) and Iceland (78 %), and a small decrease in energy consumption in Norway (1 %). Since 1990, the final energy consumption in these non-EU EEA countries has increased by 92 % (2.8 % annually). \u000a Final energy consumption in the EEA-33 countries decreased by 8.4 % (1 % annually) between 2005 and 2014. The largest contributors to this decrease were the industry and household sectors, both contributing 13.6 % to this decrease. On average, each person in the EEA-33 countries used 2.0 tonnes of oil equivalent to meet their energy needs in 2014. p5312 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5313 (dp5314 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5315 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5316 (dp5317 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p5318 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5319 (dp5320 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p5321 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5322 (dp5323 g16 Ven p5324 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p5325 sbtp5326 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5327 (dp5328 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-of-air-pollutants-from-16/assessment p5329 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5330 (dp5331 g16 Ven p5332 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions of air pollutants from large combustion plants in Europe p5333 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5334 (dp5335 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-03T15:29:59Z p5336 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5337 (dp5338 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T14:58:09Z p5339 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5340 (dp5341 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-01-06T10:32:39Z p5342 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5343 (dp5344 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5345 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5346 (dp5347 g16 Ven p5348 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.2.2 p5349 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5350 (dp5351 g16 Ven p5352 sg18 Nsg11 V Large combustion plants are responsible for a significant proportion of anthropogenic pollutant emissions. \u000a Since 2004, emissions from large combustion plants in the 28 EU Member States have decreased, by 86 % for sulphur dioxide, 59 % for nitrogen oxides and 84 % for dust. \u000a In 2017, from a total of 3 664 large combustion plants, 50 % of all emissions came from just 68, 141 and 58 plants for  sulphur dioxide , nitrogen oxides and dust, respectively. However, the performances of these largest plants have improved greatly over time. \u000a One indicator of the environmental performance of large combustion plants is the ratio between emissions and fuel consumption (i.e. the implied emission factor). The implied emission factors for all three pollutants decreased significantly between 2004 and 2017 for all sizes of large combustion plants. \u000a   p5353 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5354 (dp5355 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5356 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5357 (dp5358 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-427-en p5359 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5360 (dp5361 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VINDP006 p5362 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5363 (dp5364 g16 Ven p5365 sg18 Nsg11 Vgrangmar p5366 sbtp5367 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5368 (dp5369 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/change-in-species-diversity-as/change-in-species-diversity-as p5370 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5371 (dp5372 g16 Ven p5373 sg18 Nsg11 VChange in species diversity as a result of climate change - outlook from EEA p5374 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5375 (dp5376 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-01-07T23:00:00Z p5377 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5378 (dp5379 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:42:31Z p5380 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5381 (dp5382 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2007-06-07T22:00:00Z p5383 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5384 (dp5385 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5386 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5387 (dp5388 g16 Ven p5389 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p5390 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5391 (dp5392 g16 Ven p5393 sg18 Nsg11 V Significant changes in the distribution of plant species in Europe are expected by 2100 due to increase of global temperature by about 3.10C. Such temperature increase going to be well above the long-term sustainable objective set in the 6th EAP. The Southwestern part and the most Eastern part (Russia) of Europe may suffer the highest changes in biodiversity; the loss of species might exceed 50 % by 2050. By 2100 most European Member States are expected to lose more than 50 species compared with the 1995 situation. p5394 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5395 (dp5396 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5397 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5398 (dp5399 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-55-en p5400 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5401 (dp5402 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp5403 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5404 (dp5405 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-4/assessment-1 p5406 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5407 (dp5408 g16 Ven p5409 sg18 Nsg11 VConsumption of ozone-depleting substances p5410 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5411 (dp5412 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-08T15:39:04Z p5413 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5414 (dp5415 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-16T07:59:50Z p5416 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5417 (dp5418 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-16T07:58:19Z p5419 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5420 (dp5421 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5422 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5423 (dp5424 g16 Ven p5425 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.1.16 p5426 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5427 (dp5428 g16 Ven p5429 sg18 Nsg11 V In 2020, the EU continued to actively phase out ozone-depleting substances (ODS), in line with its commitment under the Montreal Protocol. Data for 2020 show that consumption of ODS in the EU remained negative (-2,023 metric tonnes), meaning that more substances were destroyed or exported than were produced or imported. The EU´s consumption of these substances has been negative since 2012. \u000a For more information and data reported by companies under the Ozone Regulation,  see the online ODS data viewer . p5430 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5431 (dp5432 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5433 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5434 (dp5435 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p5436 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5437 (dp5438 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM049 p5439 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5440 (dp5441 g16 Ven p5442 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p5443 sbtp5444 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5445 (dp5446 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-2/assessment-2 p5447 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5448 (dp5449 g16 Ven p5450 sg18 Nsg11 VProduction and consumption of ozone-depleting substances p5451 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5452 (dp5453 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-18T14:58:26Z p5454 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5455 (dp5456 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:28Z p5457 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5458 (dp5459 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-03-08T17:10:18Z p5460 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5461 (dp5462 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5463 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5464 (dp5465 g16 Ven p5466 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.2.2 p5467 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5468 (dp5469 g16 Ven p5470 sg18 Nsg11 V A significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) has been achieved by the EEA-33 countries since 1986. This reduction has been largely driven by the 1987 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Montreal Protocol. \u000a Upon entry into force of the Montreal Protocol, EEA-33 consumption was approximately 420 000 ozone-depleting potential tonnes (ODP tonnes). Consumption values around zero were reached in 2002 and have remained consistently so ever since. S ince the early 1990s, th e European Union (EU) has taken additional measures, in the shape of  EU law,  to reduce the consumption of ODS. In many aspects, the current EU regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer (1005/2009/EC) goes further than the Montreal Protocol and it has also brought forward the phasing out of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) in the EU. p5471 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5472 (dp5473 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5474 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5475 (dp5476 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p5477 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5478 (dp5479 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp5480 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5481 (dp5482 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/fish-distribution-shifts/assessment-1 p5483 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5484 (dp5485 g16 Ven p5486 sg18 Nsg11 VChanges in fish distribution in European seas p5487 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5488 (dp5489 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-12-11T15:32:08Z p5490 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5491 (dp5492 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:47:20Z p5493 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5494 (dp5495 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-01-23T12:26:55Z p5496 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5497 (dp5498 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5499 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5500 (dp5501 g16 Ven p5502 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.6.1 p5503 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5504 (dp5505 g16 Ven p5506 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Over the last 45 years, an increase in the number of fish species was observed in the Celtic Sea, the Greater North Sea and the Baltic Sea.  \u000a This change is mainly related to an increase in the number of warm-favouring (Lusitanian, L) species and, to a much lesser extent, an increase in the number of cool-favouring (Boreal, B) species. \u000a Observed changes are significant in the North Sea and in the Skagerrak-Kattegat, where significant correlations were also found between the L/B ratio and increased temperature, indicating that changes in fish distribution are related to climate change. \u000a In the same period, there were no observed changes in the distribution of widely distributed fish species, which are less sensitive to temperature changes but are exposed to the same combination of increased sea temperature pressures related to human activities in the assessment areas. \u000a p5507 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5508 (dp5509 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5510 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5511 (dp5512 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-472-en p5513 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5514 (dp5515 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VMAR011 p5516 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5517 (dp5518 g16 Ven p5519 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p5520 sbtp5521 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5522 (dp5523 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/gdp-outlook-from-oecd-1/assessment p5524 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5525 (dp5526 g16 Ven p5527 sg18 Nsg11 VGross Domestic Product (GDP) - Outlook from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) p5528 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5529 (dp5530 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-01-21T14:48:02Z p5531 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5532 (dp5533 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:33Z p5534 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5535 (dp5536 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-02-13T15:15:00Z p5537 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5538 (dp5539 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5540 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5541 (dp5542 g16 Ven p5543 sg18 Nsg11 V2014 2.3.1 p5544 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5545 (dp5546 g16 Ven p5547 sg18 Nsg11 V Following the turbulence of the late 2000s, global GDP is projected to grow steadily up to 2050. Rapid growth is projected for China, with it overtaking the USA as the biggest single economy before 2020. India is also expected to grow rapidly surpassing the EU before 2050. p5548 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5549 (dp5550 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5551 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5552 (dp5553 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-62-en p5554 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5555 (dp5556 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp5557 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5558 (dp5559 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/renewable-gross-final-energy-consumption-4/assessment-2 p5560 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5561 (dp5562 g16 Ven p5563 sg18 Nsg11 VShare of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption in Europe p5564 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5565 (dp5566 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-11-14T11:21:36Z p5567 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5568 (dp5569 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:40:58Z p5570 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5571 (dp5572 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-14T16:08:59Z p5573 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5574 (dp5575 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5576 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5577 (dp5578 g16 Ven p5579 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.3.2 p5580 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5581 (dp5582 g16 Ven p5583 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The EU-wide share of renewable energy in gross final EU energy use has increased from 16.1 % in 2014 to 16.7 % in 2015 and to an expected 16.9 % in 2016, according to the  EEA\u2019s early estimates . This gradual increase occurred in spite of an uptick in energy consumption from all sources observed in 2015 and 2016 across the EU. \u000a Steady renewable energy source (RES) growth indicates that the EU remains on track to reach its 20 % RES share target for 2020, but the pace of RES growth is slowing.  \u000a Renewable energy accounted for 18.6 % of gross final energy consumption for heating and cooling, 28.8 % of final electricity consumption and 6.7 % of transport fuel consumption in 2015. \u000a In 2015, all but three EU Member States (France, Luxembourg and the Netherlands) met or exceeded their indicative targets set under the Renewable Energy Directive (RED), and 20 Member States (all except France, Ireland, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and Portugal) reached or exceeded the indicative trajectories set in their National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs).  Eleven countries ( Bulgaria , Croatia, the Czech Republic,  Denmark,  Estonia, Finland,  Hungary, Italy,  Lithuania, Romania  and Sweden ) managed already in 2015 to achieve their binding renewable energy share targets for 2020, as set under the RED. \u000a p5584 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5585 (dp5586 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5587 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5588 (dp5589 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-125-en p5590 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5591 (dp5592 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI048, ENER028 p5593 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5594 (dp5595 g16 Ven p5596 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p5597 sbtp5598 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5599 (dp5600 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification-1/assessment p5601 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5602 (dp5603 g16 Ven p5604 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p5605 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5606 (dp5607 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-11-29T14:37:32Z p5608 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5609 (dp5610 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:24Z p5611 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5612 (dp5613 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-20T14:01:15Z p5614 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5615 (dp5616 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5617 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5618 (dp5619 g16 Ven p5620 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.4.1 p5621 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5622 (dp5623 g16 Ven p5624 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Ocean surface pH has declined from 8.2 to below 8.1 over the industrial era as a result of the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to an increase in oceanic acidity of about 30 %. \u000a Ocean acidification in recent decades has been occurring 100 times faster than during past natural events over the last 55 million years. \u000a Observed reductions in surface water pH are nearly identical across the global ocean and throughout continental European seas, except for variations near the coast. The pH reduction in the northernmost European seas, i.e. the Norwegian Sea and the Greenland Sea, is larger than the global average. \u000a Ocean acidification already reaches into the deep ocean, particularly at the high latitudes. \u000a Models consistently project further ocean acidification worldwide. Ocean surface pH is projected to decrease to values between 8.05 and 7.75 by the end of 21st century, depending on future CO2 emissions levels. The largest projected decline represents more than a doubling in acidity. \u000a Ocean acidification is affecting marine organisms and this could alter marine ecosystems. \u000a p5625 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5626 (dp5627 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5628 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5629 (dp5630 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p5631 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5632 (dp5633 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p5634 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5635 (dp5636 g16 Ven p5637 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p5638 sbtp5639 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5640 (dp5641 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/oxygen-concentrations-in-coastal-and/assessment p5642 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5643 (dp5644 g16 Ven p5645 sg18 Nsg11 VOxygen concentrations in European coastal and marine waters p5646 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5647 (dp5648 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-03-29T11:29:43Z p5649 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5650 (dp5651 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:52:06Z p5652 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5653 (dp5654 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-15T10:59:39Z p5655 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5656 (dp5657 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5658 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5659 (dp5660 g16 Ven p5661 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.6.1 p5662 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5663 (dp5664 g16 Ven p5665 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Widespread oxygen depletion, partly due to natural conditions (stratification), occurs in the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. \u000a In the Baltic Sea, oxygen concentrations in the water layer near the sea floor decreased during the period 1990-2017 at 11 % of stations, mainly in the Bothnian Bay, the Bothnian Sea, the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Proper, and in some parts of the south-western Baltic Sea. \u000a In the Greater North Sea area, decreases in oxygen concentrations during the period 1990-2017 were observed at 9 % of stations, mainly in fjords in Denmark and along the Norwegian and Swedish Coasts and at some stations in the German Bight. \u000a Limited data were available for the Celtic Seas and the Adriatic Sea. \u000a Reduced oxygen concentrations were observed at some stations in the coastal waters of the Black Sea, but there were no significant trends in oxygen concentrations during the period 1990-2017. \u000a No significant trends in concentrations were observed for the majority of stations in all regions during the period 1990-2017. \u000a Data coverage is not sufficient in all regional seas; it is sufficient for the Baltic and the North Seas, while data for only coastal waters are available for the Adriatic and Black Seas.   \u000a p5666 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5667 (dp5668 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5669 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5670 (dp5671 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-476-en p5672 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5673 (dp5674 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VMAR012 p5675 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5676 (dp5677 g16 Ven p5678 sg18 Nsg11 Vpetermon p5679 sbtp5680 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5681 (dp5682 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/waste-recycling-1/assessment-1 p5683 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5684 (dp5685 g16 Ven p5686 sg18 Nsg11 VWaste recycling p5687 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5688 (dp5689 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-04-09T09:29:55Z p5690 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5691 (dp5692 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-03T09:37:48Z p5693 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5694 (dp5695 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-22T08:50:35Z p5696 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5697 (dp5698 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5699 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5700 (dp5701 g16 Ven p5702 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.9.1 p5703 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5704 (dp5705 g16 Ven p5706 sg18 Nsg11 V Recycling rates of municipal waste, packaging waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment \u2014 which represent significant sources of secondary materials and critical raw materials \u2014 are increasing in Europe, indicating a move towards using waste as a resource and a more circular economy. \u000a \u2022Recycling rates for both municipal waste and packaging waste have increased substantially: by 16 percentage points between 2004 and 2017 for municipal waste and by 13 percentage points between 2005 and 2016 for packaging waste. In 2017, 46 % of the municipal waste generated in the EU-28 and Iceland, Norway and Switzerland was recycled; in 2016, 67 % of packaging waste generated in the EU-28 and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway was recycled. \u000a \u2022 Municipal waste recycling rates differ widely between European countries, ranging from 68 % in Germany to 0.3 % in Serbia in 2017.  In 2017, three countries recycled already 55 % or more of their municipal waste.  In 2017, 28 countries recycled 55 % or more of their packaging waste and 15 countries recycled 65 % or more of their packaging waste. \u000a \u2022 These improvements have been partly driven by EU targets introduced in 1994 and 2008 and later by the circular economy packages (2015). p5707 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5708 (dp5709 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5710 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5711 (dp5712 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-378-en p5713 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5714 (dp5715 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp5716 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5717 (dp5718 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative-fuels/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative p5719 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5720 (dp5721 g16 Ven p5722 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of renewable fuels in transport in Europe p5723 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5724 (dp5725 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2005-05-19T13:51:54Z p5726 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5727 (dp5728 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:44:50Z p5729 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5730 (dp5731 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2005-10-02T22:00:00Z p5732 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5733 (dp5734 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5735 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5736 (dp5737 g16 Ven p5738 sg18 Nsg11 V2010 p5739 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5740 (dp5741 g16 Ven p5742 sg18 Nsg11 V Many Member States have introduced incentives to promote the use of low and zero-sulphur fuels ahead of the mandatory deadlines (a maximum of 50 ppm "low" in 2005 and a maximum of 10 ppm "zero" in 2009). The combined penetration increased from around 20 to almost 50% between 2002 and 2003, but this is still some way off the 2005 target of 100%. The penetration of biofuels and other alternative fuels is low. The share of biofuels in the EU-25 is less than 0.4 %, still far off the 2 % target set for 2005. However, following the adoption of the Biofuels Directive in 2003, national initiatives are rapidly changing the situation. p5743 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5744 (dp5745 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5746 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5747 (dp5748 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-28-en p5749 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5750 (dp5751 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI037, TERM031 p5752 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5753 (dp5754 g16 Ven p5755 sg18 Nsg11 Vvedludia p5756 sbtp5757 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5758 (dp5759 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/production-and-consumption-of-ozone-4/assessment p5760 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5761 (dp5762 g16 Ven p5763 sg18 Nsg11 VConsumption of ozone-depleting substances p5764 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5765 (dp5766 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-11-20T12:34:51Z p5767 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5768 (dp5769 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-09-16T07:59:51Z p5770 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5771 (dp5772 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-18T14:52:16Z p5773 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5774 (dp5775 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5776 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5777 (dp5778 g16 Ven p5779 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.5 p5780 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5781 (dp5782 g16 Ven p5783 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 1986 and 2002, the consumption of ozone-depleting substances declined significantly, falling from 343 000 ozone-depleting potential tonnes to around zero in the 28 EU Member States. This was driven by the implementation of the 1987 Montreal Protocol. Since the early 1990s, the EU has taken additional measures \u2014 set out in the EU regulation \u2014 to limit ozone-depleting substances, and has exceeded its commitments under the Montreal Protocol. Although some progress has been made towards reversing the depletion of the ozone hole, more must be done to ensure that recovery continues. p5784 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5785 (dp5786 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5787 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5788 (dp5789 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-3-en p5790 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5791 (dp5792 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM049 p5793 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5794 (dp5795 g16 Ven p5796 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p5797 sbtp5798 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5799 (dp5800 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/proportion-of-vehicle-fleet-meeting-4/assessment-4 p5801 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5802 (dp5803 g16 Ven p5804 sg18 Nsg11 VElectric vehicles as a proportion of the total fleet p5805 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5806 (dp5807 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-08-13T09:34:41Z p5808 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5809 (dp5810 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:10Z p5811 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5812 (dp5813 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-12-05T07:06:13Z p5814 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5815 (dp5816 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5817 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5818 (dp5819 g16 Ven p5820 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.3.9 p5821 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5822 (dp5823 g16 Ven p5824 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In 2018, sales of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and battery-electric vehicles (BEV) continued to increase.  However, the combined share of PHEVs and BEVs in all car sales remained low reaching 2 % in 2018 compared with 1.5 % in 2017.  \u000a With around 150 000 registrations, sales of BEVs increased by 50 % compared with 2017. Around 145 000 PHEVs  were registered in 2018, a 15 % increase compared with 2017. \u000a The combined shares of PHEV and BEV sales were highest in Iceland (15 %), Sweden (8.4 %) and the Netherlands (6.8 %).  \u000a p5825 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5826 (dp5827 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5828 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5829 (dp5830 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-108-en p5831 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5832 (dp5833 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 V sbNtp5834 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5835 (dp5836 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/overview-of-the-electricity-production-1/assessment p5837 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5838 (dp5839 g16 Ven p5840 sg18 Nsg11 VOverview of electricity production and use in Europe p5841 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5842 (dp5843 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-10-02T12:42:35Z p5844 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5845 (dp5846 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:45:55Z p5847 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5848 (dp5849 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-12-10T10:30:17Z p5850 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5851 (dp5852 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5853 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5854 (dp5855 g16 Ven p5856 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.3.2 p5857 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5858 (dp5859 g16 Ven p5860 sg18 Nsg11 V Fossil fuels continued to dominate the electricity mix in 2013, being responsible for close to one half (45%) of all gross electricity generation in the EU-28, but their share has decreased by 20% since 1990. In contrast, for the first time, more electricity was generated from renewable sources in 2013 than from nuclear sources or from coal and lignite. The share of electricity generated from renewable sources is growing rapidly and reached more than one quarter of all gross electricity generation in the EU-28 in 2013 (27%), twice as much as in 1990. Nuclear energy sources contribute more than one quarter of all gross electricity generation in 2013 as well (27%). \u000a Final electricity consumption ( the total consumption of electricity by all end-use sectors plus electricity imports and minus exports ) has increased by 28% in the EU-28 since 1990, at an average rate of around 1.1% per year (see ENER 016). In the EU-28, the strongest growth was observed in the services sector (2.8% per year), followed by households (1.6% per year). \u000a With regard to the non-EU EEA countries, between 1990 and 2013 electricity generation increased by an average of 6.4% per year in Turkey, and 10% per year in Norway. p5861 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5862 (dp5863 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5864 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5865 (dp5866 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-353-en p5867 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5868 (dp5869 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER038 p5870 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5871 (dp5872 g16 Ven p5873 sg18 Nsg11 Vtomesmih p5874 sbtp5875 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5876 (dp5877 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/land-productivity-dynamics/assessment p5878 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5879 (dp5880 g16 Ven p5881 sg18 Nsg11 VVegetation productivity p5882 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5883 (dp5884 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-04-25T10:33:55Z p5885 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5886 (dp5887 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-12-17T09:22:06Z p5888 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5889 (dp5890 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-03-03T11:47:01Z p5891 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5892 (dp5893 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5894 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5895 (dp5896 g16 Ven p5897 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.8.2 p5898 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5899 (dp5900 g16 Ven p5901 sg18 Nsg11 V Vegetation productivity indicates the spatial distribution and change of the vegetation cover - a key characteristic of ecosystem condition.  \u000a Vegetation productivity in Europe on average has a regional pattern of increase and decline. Increase was observed most in South Eastern Europe, over croplands and wetlands in the Steppic region and grasslands and sparsely vegetated lands and in the Black Sea and Anatolian regions. Decline happened most over croplands and grasslands in the Atlantic region as well as over wetlands in the Alpine region. \u000a Climate has important influence on vegetation productivity in Europe. Strongest driver is precipitation, especially in the South Eastern regions. Decreasing number of frost days increased productivity in the Pannonian region but decreased productivity in the Atlantic region. \u000a \u000a Climatic variations are important drivers of vegetation productivity, but land use changes are even stronger. Productivity was most increased by agricultural land management and converting other lands to agriculture, whereas largest decrease was caused by sprawling urban areas. p5902 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5903 (dp5904 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5905 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5906 (dp5907 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-480-en p5908 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5909 (dp5910 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VLSI009 p5911 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5912 (dp5913 g16 Ven p5914 sg18 Nsg11 Vwasseeva p5915 sbtp5916 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5917 (dp5918 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-and-consumption-of-fluorinated-2/assessment p5919 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5920 (dp5921 g16 Ven p5922 sg18 Nsg11 VEmissions and supply of fluorinated greenhouse gases in Europe p5923 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5924 (dp5925 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-04-05T13:12:20Z p5926 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5927 (dp5928 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:51:20Z p5929 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5930 (dp5931 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2018-07-06T13:06:50Z p5932 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5933 (dp5934 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5935 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5936 (dp5937 g16 Ven p5938 sg18 Nsg11 V2018 1.3.2 p5939 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5940 (dp5941 g16 Ven p5942 sg18 Nsg11 V Fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) are amongst the most powerful greenhouse gases, with a global warming effect up to 23 000 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). \u000a Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) account for 85 % of present F-gases supply. They are used primarily as refrigerants in refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump equipment. Foam blowing and aerosols are other important uses of HFCs. The other F-gases are perfluorocarbons (PFCs), mainly used as a protective gas in electrical equipment and as etching agents in electronics manufacture, as well as sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ). \u000a As part of its actions to fight climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the European Union is phasing down the use of HFCs. The supply of F-gases to the EU, measured in CO2 equivalents, has been overall decreasing since 2010 (HFC imports were extraordinarily high in 2014, prior to the EU-wide HFC phase-down coming into effect in 2015). Since 2015, the EU has complied with its annual targets under the EU F-Gas Regulation 517/2014 and is approaching the HFC consumption limit, which comes into effect in 2019 under the Montreal Protocol. \u000a Emissions of F-gases mainly occur by means of leakage of gases contained in products or equipment, or at the end of the lifetime of the product/equipment, where contained F-gases are not fully recovered and destroyed or re-used. Therefore, most applications of F-gases are characterised by a significant time lag between the supply of F-gases to their industrial uses and their emissions. \u000a For the first time in 2015, a decrease in the EU emissions of fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) reported under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was observed, following 13 years of increases. p5943 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5944 (dp5945 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5946 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5947 (dp5948 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-354-en p5949 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5950 (dp5951 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM048, CSI044 p5952 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5953 (dp5954 g16 Ven p5955 sg18 Nsg11 Vgabriped p5956 sbtp5957 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5958 (dp5959 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-2/assessment p5960 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5961 (dp5962 g16 Ven p5963 sg18 Nsg11 VExceedance of air quality standards in Europe p5964 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5965 (dp5966 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-09-14T13:20:20Z p5967 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5968 (dp5969 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-24T15:05:30Z p5970 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5971 (dp5972 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-06T13:01:42Z p5973 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5974 (dp5975 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p5976 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5977 (dp5978 g16 Ven p5979 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.1.2 p5980 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5981 (dp5982 g16 Ven p5983 sg18 Nsg11 V EU legislation has led to improvements in air quality, with the percentage of urban citizens exposed to pollutant levels above standards set to protect human health falling between 2000 and 2018. However, poor air quality remains a problem: in 2018, 34 % of citizens were exposed to O 3 and 15 % to PM 10 above EU limit values. This is mainly due to emissions from transport and buildings, but also from agriculture and industry. Without radical changes to mobility, energy and food systems and industry, it is unlikely that air quality targets will be met in the near future. p5984 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp5985 (dp5986 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p5987 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5988 (dp5989 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-34-en p5990 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5991 (dp5992 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VAIR003, CSI004 p5993 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp5994 (dp5995 g16 Ven p5996 sg18 Nsg11 Vozturevr p5997 sbtp5998 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp5999 (dp6000 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-cleaner-and-alternative-fuels-2/assessment p6001 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6002 (dp6003 g16 Ven p6004 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of renewable energy for transport in Europe p6005 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6006 (dp6007 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-10-23T08:23:56Z p6008 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6009 (dp6010 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:37:43Z p6011 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6012 (dp6013 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2020-12-08T17:49:20Z p6014 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6015 (dp6016 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6017 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6018 (dp6019 g16 Ven p6020 sg18 Nsg11 V2020 1.3.9 p6021 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6022 (dp6023 g16 Ven p6024 sg18 Nsg11 V The share of energy from renewable sources consumed in transport increased between 2005 and 2018 in the EU, from under 2 % to over 8 %. Latest EEA data indicate that in 2019 this increased further, to 8.4%, indicating continuing progress towards the target set in the Renewable Energy Directive, namely that, by 2020, 10 % of all energy used in transport should be from renewable sources. However, because several countries are far from meeting this target, reaching the 10 % goal by 2020 is unlikely, at both country and EU levels. p6025 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6026 (dp6027 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6028 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6029 (dp6030 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-28-en p6031 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6032 (dp6033 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI037, TERM031 p6034 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6035 (dp6036 g16 Ven p6037 sg18 Nsg11 Vnarkeras p6038 sbtp6039 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6040 (dp6041 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/atmospheric-greenhouse-gas-concentrations-4/assessment p6042 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6043 (dp6044 g16 Ven p6045 sg18 Nsg11 VAtmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations p6046 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6047 (dp6048 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-02-19T11:11:49Z p6049 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6050 (dp6051 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:49:03Z p6052 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6053 (dp6054 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-02-27T14:00:49Z p6055 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6056 (dp6057 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6058 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6059 (dp6060 g16 Ven p6061 sg18 Nsg11 V2014 1.3.2 p6062 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6063 (dp6064 g16 Ven p6065 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The global average concentrations of various greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere continue to increase. The combustion of fossil fuels from human activities and land-use changes are largely responsible for this increase. \u000a The concentration of all GHGs, including cooling aerosols that are relevant in the context of the 2 o C temperature target, reached a value of 435 parts per million (ppm) CO 2 equivalents in 2012, an increase of about 3 ppm compared to 2011. As such the concentration continued to close on the threshold of 450 ppm.   \u000a In 2012, t he concentration of the six GHGs included in the Kyoto Protocol had reached 449 ppm CO 2 equivalent, an increase of 171 ppm (around +62%) compared to pre-industrial levels. \u000a The concentration of CO 2 , the most important GHG, reached a level of 393 ppm by 2012, and further increased to 396 ppm in 2013. This is an increase of approximately 118 ppm (around +42%) compared to pre-industrial levels. \u000a p6066 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6067 (dp6068 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6069 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6070 (dp6071 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-2-en p6072 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6073 (dp6074 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM052, CSI013 p6075 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6076 (dp6077 g16 Ven p6078 sg18 Nsg11 Vaardejon p6079 sbtp6080 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6081 (dp6082 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-9/assessment p6083 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6084 (dp6085 g16 Ven p6086 sg18 Nsg11 VFinal energy consumption by sector and fuel p6087 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6088 (dp6089 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-08-31T14:24:59Z p6090 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6091 (dp6092 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:46:12Z p6093 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6094 (dp6095 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-10-21T12:01:54Z p6096 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6097 (dp6098 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6099 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6100 (dp6101 g16 Ven p6102 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.3.2 p6103 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6104 (dp6105 g16 Ven p6106 sg18 Nsg11 V Between 1990 and 2013, final energy consumption in the EU28 increased by 2.2%.  Between 2005 and 2013, final energy consumption decreased by 7.0% in the EU28. It was a result of decreased final  energy consumption in  industry, transport and households sectors, where final energy consumption  dropped by 15.4%, 5.7% and 3.2%, respectively.   In contrast, the services sector was the only sector where energy consumption increased, by a figure of 5.7% over the same period. The decrease in final energy consumption since 2005 was influenced by economic performance, structural changes in various end-use sectors, in particular industry, improvements in end-use efficiency and lower heat consumption due to favourable climatic conditions. In 2013, the EU28 was on track to meet its 2020 target for final energy consumption. Early estimates suggest that final energy consumption decreased by a further 3.4% in 2014 compared to 2013.  \u000a Final energy consumption in EEA countries increased by  6.2% between 1990 and 2013 and t his difference is caused by the increased energy consumption in Turkey (115%) and Norway (17%). B etween 2005 and 2013, final energy consumption in EEA countries decreased by  5.0% and the largest contributor of this decrease was industry sector (13.1%).  \u000a On average, each person in the EEA countries used 2.0 tonnes of oil equivalent to meet their energy needs in 2013. p6107 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6108 (dp6109 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6110 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6111 (dp6112 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-16-en p6113 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6114 (dp6115 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VENER016 p6116 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6117 (dp6118 g16 Ven p6119 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p6120 sbtp6121 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6122 (dp6123 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ecological-status-of-surface-waters/assessment p6124 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6125 (dp6126 g16 Ven p6127 sg18 Nsg11 VEcological status of surface waters in Europe p6128 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6129 (dp6130 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-04-07T08:01:45Z p6131 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6132 (dp6133 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-31T13:25:59Z p6134 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6135 (dp6136 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-08-31T13:25:52Z p6137 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6138 (dp6139 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6140 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6141 (dp6142 g16 Ven p6143 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 1.0.7 p6144 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6145 (dp6146 g16 Ven p6147 sg18 Nsg11 V The Water Framework Directive aims to achieve good status for all rivers, lakes and transitional and coastal waters in the EU. Achieving good ecological status for surface waters is critical to this. According to countries\u2019 second river basin management plans, good ecological status had been achieved for around 40% of surface waters (rivers, lakes and transitional and coastal waters) by 2015. However, these plans show only limited improvement in ecological status since the first plans were published in 2009, with ecological status remaining similar for most water bodies. \u000a p6148 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6149 (dp6150 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6151 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6152 (dp6153 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-542-en p6154 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6155 (dp6156 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWAT008 p6157 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6158 (dp6159 g16 Ven p6160 sg18 Nsg11 Vkristpet p6161 sbtp6162 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6163 (dp6164 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/use-of-freshwater-resources-2/assessment-1 p6165 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6166 (dp6167 g16 Ven p6168 sg18 Nsg11 VUse of freshwater resources p6169 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6170 (dp6171 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2015-10-27T11:38:40Z p6172 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6173 (dp6174 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:40:54Z p6175 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6176 (dp6177 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-03-21T17:52:56Z p6178 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6179 (dp6180 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6181 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6182 (dp6183 g16 Ven p6184 sg18 Nsg11 V2015 1.5.4 p6185 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6186 (dp6187 g16 Ven p6188 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a While water is generally abundant in Europe, water scarcity and droughts continue to affect some water basins in particular seasons. The Mediterranean region and most of the densely populated river basins in different parts of Europe are hot spots for water stress conditions. \u000a During winter, some 30 million inhabitants live under water stress conditions, while the figure for summer is 70 million. This corresponds to 6 % and 14 % of the total population of Europe respectively. \u000a Around 20 % of total the population of the Mediterranean region live under permanent water stress conditions. More than half (53 %) of the Mediterranean population is effected by water stress during the summer.   \u000a At 46 % and 35 % respectively, rivers and groundwater resources provide more than 80 % of the total water demand in Europe.  \u000a Agriculture accounts for 36 % of total water use on an annual scale. In summer, this increases to about 60 %. Agriculture in the Mediterranean region alone accounts for almost 75 % of total water use for agriculture in Europe. \u000a Public water supply is second to agriculture, accounting for 32 % of total water use. This puts pressure on renewable water resources, particularly in high population density areas with no water coming from upstream.  \u000a Service sector has become one of the main pressures on renewable water resources, accounting for 11 % of total annual water use. Small Mediterranean islands in particular are under severe water stress conditions due to receiving 10-15 times more tourists than they have local inhabitants.  \u000a p6189 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6190 (dp6191 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6192 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6193 (dp6194 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-11-en p6195 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6196 (dp6197 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI018, WAT001 p6198 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6199 (dp6200 g16 Ven p6201 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p6202 sbtp6203 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6204 (dp6205 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/economic-water-productivity-of-irrigated-1/assessment p6206 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6207 (dp6208 g16 Ven p6209 sg18 Nsg11 VWater intensity of crop production p6210 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6211 (dp6212 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-04-27T07:19:09Z p6213 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6214 (dp6215 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:44Z p6216 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6217 (dp6218 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2017-12-21T12:40:17Z p6219 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6220 (dp6221 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6222 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6223 (dp6224 g16 Ven p6225 sg18 Nsg11 V2017 1.5.4 p6226 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6227 (dp6228 g16 Ven p6229 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a In Europe, between 2005 and 2013, the average water intensity of crop production was around 6  m 3 of water (irrigation plus soil moisture) for one unit of gross value added (GVA*) from all crops. \u000a In 2013, around 9 % less water was input to crops to produce the same GVA as in 2005. \u000a   In western Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 5  m 3 of water (irrigation plus soil moisture) was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 5 % over the period. \u000a In southern Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 6  m 3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 13 % over the period. Crop patterns in southern Europe are, in general, associated with a relatively high GVA per hectare while irrigation is a major part of total water input to crops. \u000a In eastern Europe, between 2005 and 2013, on average 7  m 3 of water was input to crops to generate one unit of GVA. The water intensity of crop production improved by 18 % over the peiod. Improvements in water infrastructure and agricultural equipment resulted in reduced water losses and increased harvested yields. \u000a Between 2005 and 2013, the average water intensity of crop production was lowest in the Netherlands (0.6 m 3 for one unit of GVA) in western Europe, Malta (2  m 3  for one unit of GVA ) in southern Europe and Slovenia (3  m 3  for one unit of GVA ) in eastern Europe. \u000a \u000a \u000a    * See definition of GVA and its units in Units section of this indicator. p6230 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6231 (dp6232 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6233 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6234 (dp6235 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-362-en p6236 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6237 (dp6238 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VWAT006 p6239 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6240 (dp6241 g16 Ven p6242 sg18 Nsg11 Vzalllnih p6243 sbtp6244 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6245 (dp6246 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/co2-performance-emissions-of-new-vans/assessment p6247 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6248 (dp6249 g16 Ven p6250 sg18 Nsg11 VCO2 performance emissions of new vans in Europe p6251 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6252 (dp6253 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-04-29T11:31:59Z p6254 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6255 (dp6256 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T10:26:04Z p6257 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6258 (dp6259 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-06-01T10:26:00Z p6260 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6261 (dp6262 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6263 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6264 (dp6265 g16 Ven p6266 sg18 Nsg11 V2021 2.5.1 p6267 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6268 (dp6269 g16 Ven p6270 sg18 Nsg11 V Following a steady decline until 2017 and a slight increase between 2017 and 2018, average specific CO 2 emissions from new vans registered in Europe remained stable at 158.0 g CO 2 /km in 2019. Although this is below the fleet-wide target of 175 g CO 2 /km that applied in the period 2014-2019, it is well above the 147 g CO 2 /km target which applies since 2020. In 2019, almost all van manufacturers met their binding CO 2 emissions target. p6271 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6272 (dp6273 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6274 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6275 (dp6276 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-546-en p6277 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6278 (dp6279 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM041 p6280 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6281 (dp6282 g16 Ven p6283 sg18 Nsg11 Vschistep p6284 sbtp6285 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6286 (dp6287 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exposure-to-and-annoyance-by-2/assessment-4 p6288 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6289 (dp6290 g16 Ven p6291 sg18 Nsg11 VExposure of Europe's population to environmental noise p6292 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6293 (dp6294 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-10-31T10:44:26Z p6295 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6296 (dp6297 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-11-18T14:51:41Z p6298 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6299 (dp6300 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2019-11-21T19:44:45Z p6301 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6302 (dp6303 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6304 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6305 (dp6306 g16 Ven p6307 sg18 Nsg11 V2019 1.1.6 p6308 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6309 (dp6310 g16 Ven p6311 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a Noise pollution is a major environmental health problem in Europe. \u000a Road traffic is the most widespread source of environmental noise, with more than 100 million people affected by harmful levels in the EEA-33 member countries. Railways, air traffic and industry are also major sources of noise. \u000a The European Union's Seventh Environment Action Programme (7th EAP) sets the objective that by 2020 noise pollution in the EU will have significantly decreased, moving closer to World Health Organization (WHO) recommended levels.  \u000a p6312 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6313 (dp6314 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6315 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6316 (dp6317 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-233-en p6318 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6319 (dp6320 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCSI051, TERM005 p6321 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6322 (dp6323 g16 Ven p6324 sg18 Nsg11 Vperiseul p6325 sbtp6326 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6327 (dp6328 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/capacity-of-infrastructure-networks-1/assessment p6329 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6330 (dp6331 g16 Ven p6332 sg18 Nsg11 VCapacity of infrastructure networks p6333 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6334 (dp6335 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-10-06T13:21:38Z p6336 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6337 (dp6338 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:47:51Z p6339 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6340 (dp6341 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2016-12-01T09:15:16Z p6342 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6343 (dp6344 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6345 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6346 (dp6347 g16 Ven p6348 sg18 Nsg11 V2016 1.1.2 p6349 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6350 (dp6351 g16 Ven p6352 sg18 Nsg11 V\u000a The total length of motorways in the EEA-33 increased by 19 % between 2004 and 2014. Over the same period, data show a 1 % increase in the total length of both inland waterways and pipelines, while the total length of railway track increased by less than 1 %. \u000a In the EEA-33, the total length of motorways increased by 77 % between 1990 and 2014. This compared with increases of 16 % for inland waterways and 19 % for pipelines. The total length of railways decreased by 9 % over the same time period. \u000a Infrastructure length is only a proxy measure for capacity, but the steady decrease in the length of conventional rail infrastructure between 1990 and today indicates a corresponding reduction in capacity.   \u000a The full extent of the increase in road transport capacity on motorways may be understated, as the total length of motorways may have increased even more than shown because additional lanes are not counted (see the Indicator specification). In contrast, the railway figures give total track length, not length by route. \u000a Increasing infrastructure capacity is not always necessary to cope with capacity and congestion problems. Optimisation of the capacity of the existing infrastructure through interconnectivity, interoperability and intermodality still has much potential throughout Europe. In addition, policies to  optimise  network usage patterns, such as road pricing, have yet to be fully exploited. The application of these could be environmentally and socially beneficial compared with the construction of new infrastructure. \u000a p6353 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6354 (dp6355 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6356 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6357 (dp6358 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-177-en p6359 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6360 (dp6361 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VTERM018 p6362 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6363 (dp6364 g16 Ven p6365 sg18 Nsg11 Vvedludia p6366 sbtp6367 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6368 (dp6369 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/soil-erosion-by-water/soil-erosion-by-water-assessment p6370 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6371 (dp6372 g16 Ven p6373 sg18 Nsg11 VSoil erosion by water p6374 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6375 (dp6376 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-09-07T22:00:00Z p6377 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6378 (dp6379 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:44:31Z p6380 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6381 (dp6382 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2008-09-07T22:00:00Z p6383 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6384 (dp6385 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6386 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6387 (dp6388 g16 Ven p6389 sg18 Nsg11 V2008 2.3.1 p6390 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6391 (dp6392 g16 Ven p6393 sg18 Nsg11 V An estimated 115 million hectares, 12 % of the total EU land area, are subject to water erosion. The projected changes in the climate during the 21st century, with increased variations in rainfall pattern and intensity, will make soils more susceptible to erosion. The off-site effects of soil erosion will increase with climate change and related changes in rainfall pattern and intensity. p6394 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6395 (dp6396 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6397 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6398 (dp6399 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-194-en p6400 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6401 (dp6402 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM028, LSI006 p6403 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6404 (dp6405 g16 Ven p6406 sg18 Nsg11 Vlouwagee p6407 sbtp6408 a(g6 (g7 g8 NtRp6409 (dp6410 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/ocean-acidification/assessment p6411 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6412 (dp6413 g16 Ven p6414 sg18 Nsg11 VOcean acidification p6415 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6416 (dp6417 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-15T08:58:35Z p6418 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6419 (dp6420 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2021-05-11T09:50:17Z p6421 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6422 (dp6423 g16 Nsg18 g22 sg11 V2012-11-20T14:32:15Z p6424 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6425 (dp6426 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 Ven p6427 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6428 (dp6429 g16 Ven p6430 sg18 Nsg11 V2012 2.0.1 p6431 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6432 (dp6433 g16 Ven p6434 sg18 Nsg11 V \u000a Surface-ocean pH has declined from 8.2 to 8.1 over the industrial era due to the growth of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations. This decline corresponds to a 30 % change in oceanic acidity. \u000a Observed reductions in surface-water pH are nearly identical across the global ocean and throughout Europe\u2019s seas. \u000a Ocean acidification in recent decades is occurring a hundred times faster than during past natural events over the last 55 million years. \u000a Ocean acidification already reaches into the deep ocean, particularly in the high latitudes. \u000a Average surface-water pH is projected to decline further to 7.7 or 7.8 by the year 2100, depending on future CO 2 emissions. This decline represents a 100 to 150 % increase in acidity. \u000a \u000a \u000a Ocean acidification may affect many marine organisms within the next 20 years and could alter marine ecosystems and fisheries. \u000a p6435 sbg6 (g7 g8 NtRp6436 (dp6437 g11 Vhttp://www.eea.europa.eu/portal_types/Assessment#Assessment p6438 sbNg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6439 (dp6440 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VIND-349-en p6441 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6442 (dp6443 g16 Nsg18 Nsg11 VCLIM043 p6444 sbg6 (g13 g8 NtRp6445 (dp6446 g16 Ven p6447 sg18 Nsg11 Vchristr p6448 sbtp6449 asS'var_names' p6450 (lp6451 Vuri p6452 aVtitle p6453 aVcreated p6454 aVmodified p6455 aVpublished p6456 aVlanguage p6457 aVtranslation_of_uri p6458 aVmps_code p6459 aVserial_title p6460 aVdescription p6461 aVtype_uri p6462 aVisbn p6463 aVprod_id p6464 aVindicator_codes p6465 aVmanager_user_id p6466 asS'has_result' p6467 Nss.