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Impacts and consequences of climate change on forest growth and forest conditions
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Table shows the impacts and consequences of climate change on forest growth and forest conditions.
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Maps and graphs
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Potential environmental and economic impact of climate change
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(Environmental) Combined potential impacts of changes in summer and winter precipitation, heavy rainfall days, annual mean temperature, summer days, frost days, snow cover days and annual mean evaporation on soil erosion, soil organic carbon content, protected natural areas and forest fire sensitivity.
(Economic) Combined potential impacts of changes in annual mean evaporation, summer days, snow cover days, frost days, changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event on agriculture, forestry, summer and winter tourism, energy supply and demand.
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Maps and graphs
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Potential aggregate impact, adaptive capacity and vulnerability
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Overall impacts derived from 26 impact indicators, overall adaptive capacity from 15 individual indicators, and overall vulnerability from a combination of overall impacts and adaptive capacity.
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Maps and graphs
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Potential physical, cultural and social impact of climate change
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(Physical) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event and changes in flash flood potential on settlements, major roads, railways, airports, harbours, thermal power stations and refineries.
(Social) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event as well as changes in flash flood potential and summer heat on population.
(Cultural) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event on registered World Heritage sites and museums.
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Maps and graphs
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Annual water stress for present conditions and projections for two scenarios
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Left: present climate; middle: projection for 2050 based on Economy First scenario, median of general circulation models — regional climate models (GCM-RCM) combinations;
right: projection for 2050 based on Sustainability Eventually scenario, median of GCM-RCM combinations.
Yellow: low water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: 0–0.2);
orange: mild water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: 0.2–0.4);
red: severe water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: > 0.4).
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Maps and graphs
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Estimated number of people and gross value affected by 100-year flood events in the ‘Economy First’ scenario for the 2050s
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Number of people (a) and amount of manufacturing gross value added (GVA), (b) affected by 100-year flood events in the 'Economy First' scenario for the 2050s. Calculations based on median ensemble results from LISFLOOD linked to population
projections from SCENES scenarios.
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Maps and graphs
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Projected impact of climate change on the potential distribution of reptiles and amphibians in 2050
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Projected data based on the Generalised Linear Model map using the HadCM3 A2 scenario for the 2050s are compared with the current situation.
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Maps and graphs
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Arctic and Baltic Sea ice (CLIM 010) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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The extent and volume of the Arctic sea ice has declined rapidly since global data became available in 1980, especially in summer. Record low sea ice cover in September 2007, 2011 and 2012 was roughly half the size of the normal minimum extent in the 1980s.
In the period 1979-2011, the Arctic has lost on average 45 000 km 2 of sea ice per year in winter and 91 000 km 2 per year at the end of summer. The decline in summer sea ice appears to have accelerated since 1999.
Arctic Sea ice is projected to continue to shrink in extent and thickness and may even disappear at the end of the summer melt season in the coming decades. There will still be substantial ice in winter.
Baltic Sea ice, in particular the extent of the maximal cover, is projected to shrink.
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Indicators
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Arctic and Baltic Sea ice
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Permafrost (CLIM 011) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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In the past 10–20 years European permafrost has shown a general warming trend, with greatest warming in Svalbard and Scandinavia. The active layer thickness has increased at some European permafrost sites. Several sites show great interannual variability which reflects the complex interaction between the atmospheric conditions and local snow and ground characteristics.
Present and projected atmospheric warming is projected to lead to widespread warming and thawing of permafrost.
Warming and thawing of permafrost is expected to increase the risk of landslides, ground subsidence and flash floods from bursting glacial lakes. Thawing of permafrost also affects biodiversity and may accelerate climate change through release of CO2 and CH4 from arctic permafrost areas.
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Indicators
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Permafrost
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Glaciers (CLIM 007) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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The vast majority of glaciers in the European glacial regions are in retreat. Glaciers in the European Alps have lost approximately two thirds of their volume since 1850, with clear acceleration since the 1980s.
Glacier retreat is expected to continue in the future. The volume of European glaciers has been estimated to decline between 22 and 66 % compared to the current situation by 2100 under a business-as-usual emission scenario.
Glacier retreat contributes to sea-level rise and it affects freshwater supply and run off regimes, river navigation, irrigation and power generation. It may also cause natural hazards and damage to infrastructure.
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Data and maps
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Indicators
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Glaciers
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