http://www.eea.europa.eu These are the search results for the query, showing results 31 to 45. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/direct-losses-from-weather-disasters-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Hydro-meteorological events (storms, floods, and landslides) account for 64 % of the reported damages due to natural disasters in Europe since 1980; climatological events (extreme temperatures; droughts and forest fires) account for another 20 %. Overall damages from extreme weather events have increased from EUR 9 billion in the 1980s to more than EUR 13 billion in the 2000s (inflation-corrected). The observed damage increase is primarily due to increases in population, economic wealth and human activities in hazard-prone areas and to better reporting. It is currently difficult to determine accurately the proportion of damage costs that are attributable to climate change. The contribution of climate change to the damage costs from natural disasters is expected to increase due to the projected changes in the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events. No publisher marxxand CLIM039 risk climate change hazards climate natural disasters thematic assessment adaptation CLIM 2012-11-20T20:18:34+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/heating-degree-days-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The number of heating degree days (HDD) has decreased by an average of 16 per year since 1980. This helps reduce the demand for heating, particularly in northern and north-western Europe. Climate change will affect future energy and electricity demand. Climate change is not expected to change total energy demand in Europe substantially across Europe, but there may be significant seasonal effects, with large regional differences. No publisher marxxand climate change impacts urban climate CLIM047 energy climate change heating degree CLIM 2012-11-20T19:50:24+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/water-requirement-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic In the Iberian Peninsula and Italy, an increase in the volume of water required for irrigation from 1975 to 2010 has been estimated, whereas parts of south-eastern Europe have recorded a decrease. The projected increases in temperature will lead to increased evapotranspiration rates, thereby increasing crop water requirements across Europe. The impact of increasing water requirements is expected to be most acute in southern Europe, where the suitability for rain-fed agriculture is projected to decrease and irrigation requirements are projected to increase. No publisher marxxand climate Agricultural and aquaculture facilities Atmospheric conditions CLIM033 climate change environmental assessment weather modification atmosphere Mediterranean irrigation water for agricultural use Meteorological geographical features water availability CLIM agriculture rain water 2012-11-20T19:06:20+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/crop-yield-variability-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Yields of several crops (e.g. wheat) are stagnating, whereas yields of other crops (e.g. maize in north Europe) are increasing; both effects are partly due to the observed climatic warming. Extreme climatic events, including droughts and heat waves, have negatively affected crop productivity during the first decade of the 21st century, and this is expected to further increase yield variability under climate change. Crop yields will be affected by the combined effects of changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Future climate change can lead to yield decreases or increases, depending on crop type and with considerable regional differences across Europe. No publisher marxxand Climate change climate projection crop productivity CLIM032 crop yield water limitation solar radiation climate change wheat production CLIM agriculture 2012-11-20T18:56:17+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/soil-organic-carbon-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Soil carbon stocks in the EU-27 are around 75 billion tonnes of carbon; around 50 % of which is located in Ireland, Finland, Sweden and the United Kingdom (because of the large area of peatlands in these countries). The largest emissions of CO 2 from soils are due to conversion (drainage) of organic soils, and amount to 20–40 tonnes of CO 2 per hectare per year. The most effective option to manage soil carbon in order to mitigate climate change is to preserve existing stocks in soils, and especially the large stocks in peat and other soils with a high content of organic carbon. On average, soils in Europe are most likely to be accumulating carbon. Soils under grassland and forests are a carbon sink (estimated up to 80 million tonnes of carbon per year) whereas soils under arable land are a smaller carbon source (estimated from 10–40 million tonnes of carbon per year). The effects of climate change on soil organic carbon and soil respiration are complex, and depend on distinct climatic and biotic drivers. However, they lack rigorous supporting datasets. Climate change is expected to have an impact on soil carbon in the long term, but changes in the short term will more likely be driven by land management practices and land use change No publisher marxxand climate soil land use CLIM027 climate change carbon CLIM 2012-11-20T17:25:59+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/northward-movement-of-marine-species-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Increases in regional sea temperatures have triggered a major northward expansion of warmer-water plankton in the North-east Atlantic and a northward retreat of colder-water plankton. This northerly movement is about 10 ° latitude (1 100  km) over the past 40 years, and it seems to have accelerated since 2000. Sub-tropical species are occurring with increasing frequency in European waters, and sub-Arctic species are receding northwards. Further changes in the distribution of marine species are expected, with projected further climate change, but quantitative projections are not available. No publisher marxxand CLIM015 climate change climate CLIM decapoda 2012-11-20T17:12:28+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/potential-environmental-and-economic-impact?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic (Environmental) Combined potential impacts of changes in summer and winter precipitation, heavy rainfall days, annual mean temperature, summer days, frost days, snow cover days and annual mean evaporation on soil erosion, soil organic carbon content, protected natural areas and forest fire sensitivity. (Economic) Combined potential impacts of changes in annual mean evaporation, summer days, snow cover days, frost days, changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event on agriculture, forestry, summer and winter tourism, energy supply and demand. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Technische Universität Dortmund, Institute of Spatial Planning (IRPUD). climate change economic impact environmental impact storm surge 2012-11-20T15:45:00+01:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/potential-aggregate-impact-adaptive-capacity?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Overall impacts derived from 26 impact indicators, overall adaptive capacity from 15 individual indicators, and overall vulnerability from a combination of overall impacts and adaptive capacity. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Technische Universität Dortmund, Institute of Spatial Planning (IRPUD). climate change aggregate impact adaptive capacity storm surge vulnerabilities 2012-11-20T15:45:00+01:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/potential-physical-cultural-and-social?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic (Physical) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event and changes in flash flood potential on settlements, major roads, railways, airports, harbours, thermal power stations and refineries. (Social) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event as well as changes in flash flood potential and summer heat on population. (Cultural) Combined potential impacts of changes in inundation heights of a 100 year river flood event and a sea level rise adjusted 100 year coastal storm surge event on registered World Heritage sites and museums. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Technische Universität Dortmund, Institute of Spatial Planning (IRPUD). climate change River storm surge flood 2012-11-20T15:45:00+01:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/annual-water-stress-for-present?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Left: present climate; middle: projection for 2050 based on Economy First scenario, median of general circulation models — regional climate models (GCM-RCM) combinations; right: projection for 2050 based on Sustainability Eventually scenario, median of GCM-RCM combinations. Yellow: low water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: 0–0.2); orange: mild water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: 0.2–0.4); red: severe water stress (withdrawals-to-availability ratio: > 0.4). No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: ClimWatAdapt Kassen University. climate change ClimWatAdapt projections water scarcity 2012-11-20T16:35:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/estimated-number-of-people-and?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Number of people (a) and amount of manufacturing gross value added (GVA), (b) affected by 100-year flood events in the 'Economy First' scenario for the 2050s. Calculations based on median ensemble results from LISFLOOD linked to population projections from SCENES scenarios. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: ClimWatAdapt Kassen University. climate change flooding projections ClimWatAdapt 2012-11-20T16:35:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/species-ecosystem-relationship-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Climate change is affecting the interaction of species that depend on each other for food or other reasons. It can disrupt established interactions but also generate novel ones. Negative effects on single species are often amplified by changes in interactions with other species, in particular for specialist species. The impact of species interactions on ecosystems services depends on whether disrupted interactions can be buffered by system-intrinsic properties or by novel organisms. No publisher marxxand butterfly climate biodiversity climate change species interaction CLIM026 species distribution model CLIM 2012-11-20T15:49:30+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/distribution-of-animal-species-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Observed climate change is having significant impacts on European fauna. These impacts include range shifts as well as local and regional extinctions of species. There is a clear poleward trend of butterfly distributions from 1990 to 2007 in Europe. Nevertheless, the migration of many species is lagging behind the changes in climate, suggesting that they are unable to keep pace with the speed of climate change. Distribution changes are projected to continue. Suitable climatic conditions for Europe’s breeding birds are projected to shift nearly 550 km north-east by the end of the 21st century under a scenario of 3 °C warming, with the average range size shrinking by 20 %. Habitat use and fragmentation and other obstacles are impeding the migration of many animal species. The difference between required and actual migration rate may lead to a progressive decline in European biodiversity. No publisher marxxand reptile climate change shell CLIM species Butterfly CLIM024 latitudinal shifts animal mammals terrestrial Biodiversity Climate Change species richness niche space Bioclimatic envelope models climate biodiversity range shifts United Kingdom amphibian invertebrates Birds 2012-11-20T14:20:54+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/distribution-of-plant-species-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Several European plant species have shifted their distribution northward and uphill. These changes have been linked to observed climate change, in particular to milder winters. Mountain ecosystems in many parts of Europe are changing as plant species expand uphill and cold-adapted species are projected to lose climatically suitable areas. By the late 21st century, distributions of European plant species are projected to have shifted several hundred kilometres to the north, forests are likely to have contracted in the south and expanded in the north, and about half of the mountain plant species may face extinction. The rate of climate change is expected to exceed the ability of many plant species to migrate, especially as landscape fragmentation may restrict movement. No publisher marxxand climate biodiversity climate change CLIM022 species turnover CLIM plant species 2012-11-20T14:02:38+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/animal-phenology-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Many animal groups have advanced their life-cycles in recent decades, including frogs spawning, birds nesting and the arrival of migrant birds and butterflies. This advancement is attributed primarily to a warming climate. The breeding season of many thermophilic insects (such as butterflies, dragonflies and bark beetles) has been lengthening, allowing more generations to be produced per year. The observed trends are expected to continue in the future but quantitative projections are rather uncertain. No publisher marxxand climate CLIM2008 climate change CLIM025 CLIM bird temperature 2012-11-20T13:55:25+02:00 Indicator Assessment