http://www.eea.europa.eu These are the search results for the query, showing results 1 to 15. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions-1/assessment-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Across the EEA-32 countries, emissions of lead have decreased by 89%, mercury by 63% and cadmium by 60% between 1990 and 2010. For each substance, the most significant sources in 2010 are from energy-related fuel combustion, particularly from public power and heat generating facilities, and from industrial facilities. Much progress has been made since the early 1990s in reducing point source emissions of cadmium and lead (e.g. emissions from industrial facilities). This has been achieved through improvements in, for example, abatement technologies for wastewater treatment, incinerators and in metal refining and smelting industries, and in some countries by the closure of older industrial facilities as a consequence of economic re-structuring. In the case of mercury, the observed decrease in emissions may be largely attributed to improved controls on mercury cells used in industrial processes (e.g. in the chlor-alkali process) including the replacement of old mercury cells by diaphragm or membrane cells, and the general decline of coal use across Europe as a result of fuel switching. The promotion of unleaded petrol within the EU and in other EEA member countries through a combination of fiscal and regulatory measures has been a particular success story. EU Member States have completely phased out the use of leaded petrol, a goal that was regulated by Directive 98/70/EC. From being the largest source of lead emissions in 1990, when it contributed around 75% of the EEA-32 total for lead, emissions from the road transport sector have decreased by nearly 99%. Nevertheless, the road transport sector still remains an important source of lead, contributing around 10% of total lead emissions in the EEA-32 region. However since 2002 little progress has been made in reducing emissions further; 98% of the total reduction from 1990 emissions of lead had been achieved by 2002. Environmental context: Heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) are recognised as being toxic to biota. All are prone to biomagnification, i.e. being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that bioaccumulation in lower organisms at relatively low concentrations can expose higher consumer organisms, including humans, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of direct concern because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their potential ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. The relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies of heavy metals are compound specific, but exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers and kidney damage. Metals are persistent throughout the environment, and cadmium, lead and mercury are among those heavy metals that are already a focus of international and EU action. These substances tend not just to be confined to a given geographical region, and thus are not always open to effective local control. For example, in the case of cadmium, much is found in fine particles which do not readily dry-deposit, and therefore have long residence times in the atmosphere and are subject to long-range transport processes. No publisher adamsma1 mercury lead APE005 industry assessment12 air chemicals cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2012-12-20T18:37:21+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-cadmium-mercury-and-lead-emissions-for-each-sector-between-1990-and-2007-eea-member-countries-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Percentage change in cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) emissions for each sector between 1990 and 2010. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury lead APE005 assessment12 cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2012-12-19T20:10:10+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/sector-split-of-emissions-of-selected-heavy-metals-eea-member-countries-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of cadmium - Cd; mercury - Hg; and lead - Pb in 2010. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury lead APE005 assessment12 cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2012-12-19T20:04:51+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-lead-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The reported change in lead emissions for each country, 1990-2010. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). lead APE005 assessment12 air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2012-12-19T19:55:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-mercury-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The reported change in mercury (Hg) emissions for each country, 1990-2010. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment12 APE005 air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2012-12-19T19:50:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-cadmium-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The reported change in cadmium (Cd) emissions for each country, 1990-2010. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). APE005 assessment12 cadmium air emissions heavy metal APE pollution 2012-12-19T19:40:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/emission-trends-of-selected-heavy-metals-eea-member-countries-indexed-1?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Emission trends 1990-2010 for cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb). No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury lead assessment12 APE005 cadmium air emissions heavy metal APE pollution 2012-12-19T19:35:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/nuclear-energy-and-waste-production/nuclear-energy-and-waste-production-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The amount of high level nuclear waste from nuclear electricity production continues to accumulate. In 2009, 34,824 tonnes of heavy metals contained in high level nuclear waste was in storage, up 4.7% since 2008. The annual quantity of spent fuel was approximately 1,828 tonnes of heavy metals in 2009. However, there is a decreasing trend in the annual quantity of spent fuel arisings since 1990. On the other hand, the amount of electricity produced from nuclear power has increased by 12.5% over the period 1990 to 2009 (see ENER27). This decoupling between electricity production and generation of radioactive waste can be explained by the fact that fuel rods are replaced gradually as well as by improvements in fuel burnup and plant efficiency [1] . [1] Energy efficiency  is calculated using an efficiney coefficient of  33% for all reactors (the efficiency of a particular reactor type – CANDU) since  all reactors types are slightly different. However overtime there is a trend towards more efficient reactors in Europe, such as those with breeder reactors/fuel enrichment. However, once a reactor is built, the efficiency assumed is fixed at 33%. No publisher pastocin assessment11 ENER13 electricity nuclear energy heavy metals ENER2011 heavy metal ENER013 fuel ENER nuclear plant 2012-04-30T14:00:02+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/historic-series-in-spent-fuel-3?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The following table refers to nuclear waste: it presents annual spent fuel arisings in nuclear power plants of OECD countries. The data are expressed in tonnes of heavy metal, and include projections and estimates up to the year 2010. Spent fuel arisings are one part of the radioactive waste generated at various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle (uranium mining and milling, fuel enrichment, reactor operation, spent fuel reprocessing). Radioactive waste also arises from decontamination and decommissioning of nuclear facilities, and from other activities using isotopes, such as scientific research and medical activities. The impact of nuclear waste on humans and the environment depends on the level of radioactivity and on the conditions under which the waste is handled, treated, stored and disposed of. While reading this table it should be noted that these data do not represent all radioactive waste generated, and that amounts of spent fuel arisings depend on the share of nuclear electricity in the energy supply and on the nuclear plant technologies adopted. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). fuel energy heavy metal 2012-03-27T11:05:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/stored-total-amount-of-high-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The figure shows the amount of high level nuclear waste continues to accumulate. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). nuclear energy heavy metal 2012-03-27T10:03:28+01:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions-1/assessment-1?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Across the EEA-32 countries, emissions of lead have decreased by 91%, mercury by 68% and cadmium by 70% between 1990 and 2009. For each substance, the most significant sources in 2009 are from energy-related sources associated with fuel combustion, particularly from public power and heat generating facilities, and from industrial facilities. Much progress has been made since the early 1990s in reducing point source emissions of cadmium and lead (e.g. emissions from industrial facilities). This has been achieved through improvements in for example abatement technologies for wastewater treatment, incinerators and in metal refining and smelting industries, and in some countries by the closure of older industrial facilities as a consequence of economic re-structuring. In the case of mercury, the observed decrease in emissions may be largely attributed to improved controls on mercury cells used in industrial processes (e.g. in the chlor-alkali process) including the replacement of old mercury cells by diaphragm or membrane cells, and the general decline of coal use across Europe as a result of fuel switching. The promotion of unleaded petrol within the EU and in other EEA member countries through a combination of fiscal and regulatory measures has been a particular success story. EU Member States have for example completely phased out the use of leaded petrol, a goal that was regulated by Directive 98/70/EC. From being the largest source of lead in 1990 when it contributed around 73% of total emissions, emissions from the road transport sector decreased since then by nearly 99%. Nevertheless, the road transport sector still remains an important source of lead, contributing around 10% of total lead emission in the EEA-32 region. However since 2002 little progress has been made in reducing emissions further; 98% of the total reduction from 1990 emissions of lead had been achieved by 2002. Environmental context: Heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) are recognised as being toxic to biota. All have the quality of being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that chronic exposure of lower organisms to much lower concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of direct concern because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their potential ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. The relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies of heavy metals are compound specific. Specifically, exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers and kidney damage. Metals are persistent throughout the environment, and cadmium, lead and mercury are among those heavy metals that are already a focus of international and EU action. These substances tend not just to be confined to a given geographical region, and thus are not always open to effective local control. For example, in the case of cadmium, much is found in fine particles which do not readily dry deposit, rather having long residence times in the atmosphere and hence are subject to long-range transport processes. No publisher adamsma1 mercury assessment11 APE2011 lead APE005 industry air chemicals cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2011-12-21T15:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/cost-of-air-pollution?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic This European Environment Agency (EEA) report assesses the damage costs to health and the environment resulting from pollutants emitted from industrial facilities. It is based on the latest information, namely for 2009, publicly available through the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR, 2011) in line with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Aarhus Convention regarding access to environmental information. No publisher EEA (European Environment Agency) carbon dioxide organic micro-pollutant metal production heavy metal CAFE ammonia energy production particulate matter NMVOC health power plant air pollution from energy SO2 NH3 E-PRTR sulphur dioxide CO2 PM10 air pollution industrial facility nitrogen oxide NOX 2011-11-24T08:00:00+01:00 Publication http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-cadmium-mercury-and-lead-emissions-for-each-sector-between-1990-and-2007-eea-member-countries-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Percentage change in cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) emissions for each sector between 1990 and 2009. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment11 lead APE005 cadmium APE2011 air emissions heavy metal APE pollution 2011-10-19T14:25:54+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/sector-split-of-emissions-of-selected-heavy-metals-eea-member-countries-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of cadmium - Cd; mercury - Hg; and lead - Pb. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment11 lead APE005 cadmium APE2011 air emissions heavy metal APE pollution 2011-10-19T14:25:38+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-lead-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The reported change in lead emissions for each country, 1990-2009. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment11 lead APE005 APE2011 air emissions heavy metal APE pollution 2011-10-19T14:23:48+02:00 EEAFigure