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Rail and waterborne — best for low-carbon motorised transport
A new study commissioned by the EEA shows a clear hierarchy of passenger and freight transport modes, in terms of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Rail and waterborne transport have the lowest emissions per kilometre and unit transported, while aviation and road transport emit significantly more. Alongside shifting to rail and waterborne transport, improving the GHG efficiency of all motorised forms of transport remains an important objective. Moreover, monitoring their GHG efficiency on a regular basis would support these efforts. While active modes, such as walking and cycling, are outside the scope of the study, they are an obvious choice for clean and sustainable mobility because their emissions can be assumed to be close to zero.
Share of land freight transport by mode
Percentage share of land freight transport between road and rail transport mode for EU12, EU15 and combined EU27.
Road transport's market share increases strongly in EU-12
Graph showing the percentage split between road and rail freight for EU-12, EU-15 and EU-27
Road transport's share increases strongly in EU-10
Note: Road freight transport is assigned to the country of origin of the transport vehicle in EU statistics rather than to where the vehicles drive
Passenger rail transport volumes remain roughly stable
The figure shows the development in passenger kilometres on the EU rail system
Pressures from urbanisation and transport on semi-natural areas
Urban sprawl is increasing, but there are insufficient data available to enable an assessment of the extent to which the re-use of previously developed land is reducing pressures for development on virgin land.
Rail as a proportion of total freight moved in selected SEE and EECCA countries (excluding pipelines)
Arrivals of visitors by type of entrance
Designated areas under pressure from railways
Goods transport by road, relative to total by road, rail, inland waterways and pipelines, 1995
Impacts of the recession on rail transport in selected countries
Impacts of the recession on rail transport in selected countries
Infrastructure charges for rail passenger transport (2003)
Data are for 2003
Size, structure and distribution of transport subsidies in Europe
Beyond transport policy – exploring and managing the external drivers of transport demand
Illustrative case studies from Europe.
Transitions towards a more sustainable mobility system - TERM 2016
The EEA’s new report ‘TERM 2016: Transitions towards a more sustainable mobility system’ assesses the progress European Union Member States are making to improve the environmental performance of transport in line with related EU policy targets. The report also looks at the big changes underway in the sector, from emerging technologies like electric and driverless cars, or recent practices that have caught on, like shared or on-demand online mobility services for commuters. The report stresses that transport activity in the years ahead will continue to put pressure on the environment if action isn’t taken to make transport sustainable.
Aviation and shipping — impacts on Europe's environment TERM 2017
Domestic and international aviation and shipping are key components of Europe's mobility system. They are both economic sectors that directly bring many societal and economic benefits, such as the delivery of a wide range of goods and services and provision of employment and mobility for personal leisure or business purposes. However, from the broader environmental perspective, both sectors are also seen as challenging, because increasing demand within each of the sectors is exerting increasing pressures on the environment and climate. Their joint consideration in this TERM 2017 report also reflects key similarities, opportunities and challenges between them.