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Seasonal changes in precipitation and temperature up until the end of the 21st century, according to CLM scenario A1B
Left: absolute difference in temperature
Simulated land average maximum 5-day total precipitation for different European regions (1860-2100)
The 20th century (black), models simulations for IPCC SRES intermediate A1B (orange) and low B1 (green) emission scenarios
Temperature and precipitation in the Alps for the period 1961–1990
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Total observed precipitation for the events of 30 May-2 June 2013
Map shows cumulative precipitation amount over the period between 30 May and 2 June 2013.
Trend in precipitation
Urban demand as a proportion of average annual runoff
Note: Map based on long-term average annual run-off data (see map id=107, Annual average run-off in Europe) in conjunction with Eurostat GISCO Degree of Urbanisation data.
Observed concentrations of mercury in precipitation in the Arctic regions of Finland and Sweden
Observed trends in frequency and severity of meteorological droughts
Trends in frequency (upper) and severity (lower) of meteorological droughts between 1950 and 2012. Trends are based on a combination of three different drought indices - SPI, SPEI and RDI accumulated over 12-month periods. Dots: trends significant at ≥ 95%.
Percentage of Europe experiencing moderate drought conditions during the 20th century
Expressed as standardized precipitation indices (SPI) for time scales of 12 months
Precipitation deficit in summer (JJA) and winter (DJF) for the periods 2021–2040, 2041–2060 and 2061–2080
Precipitation deficit in summer (JJA) and winter (DJF) for the periods in the future 2021-2040, 2041-2060 and 2061-2080.
Precipitation versus agricultural demand patterns
Monthly agricultural water demand (in%) of total versus monthly rainfall (in% of yearly total)
Projected changes in annual mean temperature (left) and annual precipitation (right)
Projected changes are for 2071-2100, compared to 1971-2000, based on the average of a multi-model ensemble forced with the RCP8.5 high emissions scenario. All changes marked with a colour (i.e. not white) are statistically significant. Individual models from the EURO-CORDEX ensemble or high-resolution models for smaller regions may show different results.
Projected change in summer precipitation in Europe up to 2080
Note: Summer precipitation change (%)
Projected change in the length of dry spells
Projected changes in the length of dry spell (in days) from 1971-2000 to 2071–2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario based on the ensemble mean of different regional climate models (RCMs) nested in different general circulation models (GCMs).
Projected change in annual (left) and summer (right) precipitation, 2071-2100
Projected changes in annual (left) and summer (right) precipitation (%) in the period 2071-2100 compared to the baseline period 1971-2000 for the forcing scenario RCP 8.5. Model simulations are based on the multi-model ensemble average of RCM simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative.
Relative change in 10-year river water deficit between present (1981-2010) and the end of the century (2071-2100) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios
These maps show the relative change in 10-year river water deficit under the 95th percentile for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).
Relative change in 10-year river water deficit between present (1981-2010) and the end of the century (2071-2100) under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios
These maps show the relative change in 10-year river water deficit under the 95th percentile for two scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).
European regions clustered according to projected climate changes
The map presents 5 European regions clustered according to projected climate changes
Extreme precipitation days: baseline and future projections under the high-emissions scenario
The maps shows the number of days in a year with daily total precipitation exceeding the 95th percentile threshold of rainy days of a reference period 1981-2010. Projections are made under the RCP 8.5 scenario. Interactive maps and additional information can be found in the European Climate Data Explorer.
Annual precipitation changes in Europe for the period 1900-2000
Note: Unit: Percentage change per century
Annual precipitation series (left graph) and annual cloudiness series (right graph)
NW (top, grey) vs SE (bottom, black)
Average annual precipitation
Average annual precipitation in the EEA area
Average annual runoff
Notes: Map prepared at a 10 km x 10 km grid resolution, showing average run-off with some smoothing of local detail
Changes in annual precipitation for the IPCC A2 scenario (2071-2100 compared with 1961-1990) for four different climate models
The map shows for 4 different climate models the projected changes in annual precipitation, based on the IPCC A2 baseline scenario
Changes in frequency of very wet days in Europe between 1976 and 1999
Note: Very wet days are defined as days with precipitation above 20 mm.