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EEA Briefing 1/2006 - Assessing environmental integration in EU agriculture
Air pollution in Europe 1990-2004
Effects of air pollution on European ecosystems
Past and future exposure of European freshwater and terrestrial habitats to acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants
Source apportioned annual load and estimated fertiliser use in six Bernet catchments.
Total nitrogen (A) and Total phosphorus (B).
Source apportioned annual load in 1999 and estimated fertiliser use in Euroharp catchments.
Total nitrogen (A) and Total phosphorus (B)
Source apportioned annual load of nitrogen (A) and phosphorus (B) in large river catchments based on the Moneris model, and nitrogen surplus.
Source-oriented approach
Source apportioned annual load of nitrogen to inland waters in the sub-catchments of the Baltic. (A)
Source-oriented approaches
Source apportionment of annual nitrogen and phosphorus load for the Baltic Sea catchment, the Danube river catchment and the North Sea catchment.
Baltic Sea catchment (1.6 million km2), the Danube river catchment (0.8 million km2) and the North Sea catchment (0.5 million km2) (no separate information on background losses for the North Sea).
Source apportionment of nitrogen load in selected regions and catchments.
The area of each pie chart indicates the total area-specific load
Spatial variation in N surplus (left) and P surplus (right) for the year 2010 in the EU-27
The figure shows the spatial variation in nitrogen (N) surplus (left map) and phosporus (P) surplus (right map) for all agricultural land in the EU-27 in 2010 (excluding the United Kingdom and Croatia). The surplus for N is calculated as the sum of N inputs to land (fertiliser, manure and biosolids, atmospheric N deposition, biological fixation and net mineralisation) minus crop removal (offtake). The surplus for P is calculdated as the sum of P inputs to land (fertiliser, manure and biosolids, atmospheric P deposition) minus crop removal (offtake). In the two maps, regions with higher N and P surpluses are coloured in shades of orange and red (with red colours representing N surpluses over 150 kg/ha/yr and P surpluses of 12 kg/ha/yr, respectively). Regions with lower N and P surpluses are shown in shades of green. N surpluses occur in nearly all regions, and are highest in areas with high livestock densities such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Brittany in France and the Po valley region in Italy. Because P is adsorbed by the soil, P surpluses can be negative in areas where crop uptake exceeds P input and P inputs are completely eliminated (so-called P mining), such as in parts of France, Germany, Czechia, Slovakia and Hungary. The maps and the supporting information are adapted from De Vries, W., Romkens, P., Kros, H., Voogd, J.C.H., Schulte-Uebbing, L., 2022, Impacts of nutrients and heavy metals in European agriculture. Current and critical inputs in relation to air, soil and water quality, ETC-DI Report 2022/01, European Environment Agency.
The nitrogen cycle
Global scheme of nitrogen cycle, showing major nitrogen reservoirs (atmosphere, soil and living organisms), major processes (nitrification, denitrification, nitrogen fixation, assimilation etc.) and actors (plants, animals, bacteria, human beings).
Total area-specific nitrogen and phosphorus load (before retention) by sources and nitrogen surplus in large river catchments using the Moneris model.
Sorted by increasing nitrogen surplus
Total emissions of acidifying substances (sulphur, nitrogen) and of eutrophying nitrogen in the EEA-32 for 1990 to 2004
Total emissions of acidifying substances (sulphur plus nitrogen) and of eutrophying nitrogen in the EEA-32 for 1990 to 2004
Total nitrogen application to agricultural soil and river nitrate concentration
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Trends in annual mean total nitrogen concentrations in European seas
The map shows trends per station in total nitrogen concentrations in the upper 10 m of the water column, observed during the years 1990-2017.
Trends in average Nitrogen inputs for the period 2000-2005 compared to the year 2000
Trends in mean winter oxidised nitrogen concentrations in the Atlantic Ocean, Baltic Sea, Greater North Sea, Skagerrak and part of the Mediterranean in 1985-2005
Numbers in parentheses indicate number of stations included in the analysis for each country
Trends in nitrogen surpluses on agricultural land and gross value added (GVA) of the agricultural sector in 18 EU Member States
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Trend in winter oxidized nitrogen concentrations in coastal and open waters of the Baltic, North East Atlantic (Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas) and Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic Sea), 1985 - 2010
The figure shows trend in winter oxidized nitrogen (nitrate + nitrite) concentrations in coastal and open waters of the Baltic, North East Atlantic (Greater North Sea, Celtic Seas) and Mediterranean Sea (Adriatic Sea) (% of stations showing a statistically significant change within the period 1985-2010). Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of stations included in the analysis for each country. "Open sea" is the total of all off-shore stations (>20km) within a (sub)region.
Change in winter oxidized nitrogen concentrations in coastal and open waters of the North East Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas
The figure shows change in winter oxidized nitrogen concentrations in coastal and open waters of the North East Atlantic, Baltic, Mediterranean and North Seas, 1985–2008
National or regional source apportionments and fertiliser use (Faostat fertiliser consumption) for nitrogen. (A)
UK figures on fertilisers used for England/Wales
Nitrogen balance per hectare of agricultural land
How to read the graph: in 20 years, nitrogen balance per ha was reduced from 240 to 173 kg/ha in Belgium.
Nitrogen balance per hectare of agricultural land in OECD countries
Nitrogen input on agricultural land in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries
How to read the graph: between 1995 and 2004, total nitrogen input on agricultural land in Germany decreased from about 5 to about 4 million tonnes