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Rail and waterborne — best for low-carbon motorised transport
A new study commissioned by the EEA shows a clear hierarchy of passenger and freight transport modes, in terms of their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Rail and waterborne transport have the lowest emissions per kilometre and unit transported, while aviation and road transport emit significantly more. Alongside shifting to rail and waterborne transport, improving the GHG efficiency of all motorised forms of transport remains an important objective. Moreover, monitoring their GHG efficiency on a regular basis would support these efforts. While active modes, such as walking and cycling, are outside the scope of the study, they are an obvious choice for clean and sustainable mobility because their emissions can be assumed to be close to zero.
CO2 emissions performance of car manufacturers in 2011
Starting from 2012, a specific binding CO2 target is calculated for each manufacturer every year based on the average mass of its fleet. For evaluating the progress of manufacturers towards their targets, the EEA is collecting and quality checking data on CO2 emissions from passenger cars registered in all Member States of the European Union since 2010. Using the Member State data, this note provides an overview of the performance of cars manufacturers in meeting their CO2 emissions targets.
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between greenhouse gas projections based on domestic policies and measures and 2010 targets and additional changes by the use of Kyoto mechanisms for EU-15 Member States
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between greenhouse gas projections without LULUCF based on domestic policies and measures and 2010 targets for EU-15 Member States, including Kyoto mechanisms
All EU-15 Member States provided projections assuming existing domestic policies and measures
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for acceding and candidate and other EEA countries
The projection for Liechtenstein excludes fluorinated gases.
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for candidate and other EEA countries
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for new Member States
Relative gap (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for new Member States
Projections for Poland consist only of projections for CO2 and N2O
Relative gaps between EU Kyoto and burden-sharing targets and projections for 2010 for EU Member States, EU candidate countries and other EEA member countries
For five Member States (Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom), the estimated effect of the EU ETS reported separately was re-introduced in the ´with existing measures´ projections
Relative gaps between EU Kyoto and burden sharing targets and projections for 2010 including existing and additional measures, use of Kyoto mechanisms (KM) and use of carbon sinks for EU Member States
This graph shows the projected effects of policies, measures, use of Kyoto mechanisms and carbon sinks by EU Member States on GHG emissions by 2010
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between greenhouse gas projections and 2010 targets for EU-15 Member States
For all EU15 Member States projections assume existing and additional domestic policies and measures were available, but for some Member States projections did not change compared to last year's, or updates were taken from NAPs
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between greenhouse gas projections and 2010 targets for new Member States
For Estonia, Hungary and Latvia the projections used in last year's report are used as no new data were available
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between greenhouse gas projections based on domestic policies and measures and 2010 targets for EU-15 Member States including the effects of Kyoto mechanisms and net emissions and removals from carbon sinks
Relative gaps for Luxembourg are based on information from 2001
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for acceding and other EEA countries
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for EU candidate and other EEA countries
Except for Switzerland and Norway, the use of Kyoto mechanisms is not accounted for in this figure
Relative gaps (over-delivery or shortfall) between projections and targets for 2010 for new Member States
Remaining gap (over-delivery or shortfall) in absolute terms including the effects of additional policies and measures, Kyoto mechanisms and carbon sinks
Remaining gap projected for 2010 by the new Member States in absolute terms, including the effects of additional policies and measures as well as carbon sinks
Remaining gap projected for 2010 by the new Member States in absolute terms, including the effects of additional policies and measures as well as carbon sinks
Sector contributions of emissions of primary particulate matter and secondary precursors (EEA member countries)
The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of primary PM2.5 and PM10, and to emissions of the secondary particulate matter precursors.
Sector contributions of ozone precursor emissions (EEA member countries)
The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of the tropospheric (ground-level) ozone precursors.
Sectoral contribution in 2004 to PM10 (left) and ozone-generating substances (right)
Sectoral shares of acidifying pollutants (SO2, NOx, NH3; energy and non-energy components) of total emissions, EEA-32. Values within the segments indicate the level of emissions (kt) emitted from each sector.
The emissions of acidifying pollutants (sulphur dioxide SO2, nitrogen oxides NOx and ammonia NH3) are each weighted by an acid equivalency factor prior to aggregation to represent their respective acidification potentials. The acid equivalency factors are given by: w(SO2) = 2/64 acid eq/g = 31.25 acid eq/kg, w(NOx) = 1/46 acid eq/g = 21.74 acid eq/kg and w(NH3) = 1/17 acid eq/g = 58.82 acid eq/kg.
Sectoral shares of primary and secondary particulate matter in total emissions, EEA-32
The graph includes the combined emissions of primary PM10 particles (particulate matter with a diameter of 10 μm or less, emitted directly into the atmosphere) and secondary particulate-forming pollutants (the fraction of sulphur dioxide, SO2, nitrogen oxides NOx and ammonia NH3 which, as a result of photo-chemical reactions in the atmosphere, transform into particulate matter with a diameter of 10μm or less). Emissions of the secondary particulate precursor species are weighted by a particle formation factor prior to aggregation: primary PM10 = 1, SO2 = 0.54, NOx = 0.88, and (NH3) = 0.64.
Sectoral shares of tropospheric ozone precursors (energy and non-energy components) in total emissions, EU-27.
The emissions of ozone precursors (NOx, NMVOC, CO and CH4) are each weighted by an ozone formation factor prior to aggregation to represent their respective ozone forming potentials. The relative impact of the combined contribution of NOx, NMVOC, CO and CH4 to ozone formation can be assessed based on their tropospheric ozone forming potentials (TOFP): nitrogen oxides 1.22, non-methane volatile organic compounds 1.0, carbon monoxide 0.11 and methane 0.014.
Share of combined heat and power in gross electricity production in 2004
The most recent available data are for 2004.In Cyprus and Malta there was no CHP generation in 2004.The share is defined as the proportion of CHP electricity production (from both private and public utilities) in total gross electricity production, including generation in pumped storage power stations