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Relative gaps between GHG projections and 2010 targets, based on existing and additional domestic policies and measures, and changes by the use of Kyoto mechanisms
Effects of increased renewable energy use on national greenhouse gas emissions (2018)
The figure illustrates the estimated effects on national GHG emissions due to the increase in national renewable energy consumption since 2005
Growth in renewable energy use by technology and sector, 2005-2018
The figure illustrates how much renewable energy consumption has grown per technology and sector by 2018, compared with the corresponding levels in 2005 (EU-28).
Effects of increased renewable energy use on national primary fossil fuel consumption (2018)
The figure illustrates the estimated effects on national primary energy use of fossil fuels due to the increase in national renewable energy consumption since 2005.
Rise of greenhouse gases concentration compared with the year 1750
Sea level rise at selected European gauge stations
Note: Data are corrected for postglacial processes.
Sea surface temperature in winter and summer in the Norwegian Sea, the Baltic Sea and the western Mediterranean Sea
Note: Deviations are from long-term averages.
Sensitivity of cereal yields to climate change for maize and wheat
A small increase in temperature has a positive impact on cereals yield, while a high increase (3-5 oC) has a negative impact
Sensitivity to desertification in the northern Mediterranean
Sensitivity to desertification and drought in the Mediterranean basin.
Simulated land average maximum 5-day total precipitation for different European regions (1860-2100)
The 20th century (black), models simulations for IPCC SRES intermediate A1B (orange) and low B1 (green) emission scenarios
Simulated land average maximum number of consecutive dry days for different European regions (1860-2100)
The 20th century (black), models simulations for IPCC SRES intermediate A1B (orange) and low B1 (green) emission scenarios
Spatial distribution of extreme temperature indicators across Europe
The maps use a colour gradient to show the number of hot summer days (Tmax > 35 °C) per year (1987-2016 average, top left), the number of combined summer days (Tmax > 30 °C) and tropical nights (Tmax > 20 °C) per year (1987-2016 average, top right), the cooling degree days per year (1990-2015 average, bottom left) and the heating degree days per year (1990-2015 average, bottom right).
Structure of Primary Energy Consumption in NM 12 in 1990-2005, and projected structure to 2030
Summer 2003 (June-August) daily maximum temperature anomaly
Survival of grey heron and common buzzard
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The 2007 minimum sea-ice extent
Note: The extent of the summer sea ice in September 2007 reached a historical minimum, 39 % below the climatic average for the first two decades of satellite observations (red line)
The impact of a 75 year convergence and concentration approach on various world regions
South Asia includes a.o.: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
The linear trend in surface temperature over Europe 1958 - 2001
Linear trend (oC/50 years) calculated from ERA40 data for the period 1958 to 2001
The probabilistic implications for global temperature increase up to year 2400
Above preindustrial levels for pathways stabilising at 450 and 550 ppm CO2equivalent concentration levels (upper row) and the pathways that peak at 510 and 550 ppm respectively (lower row)
The rate of change for the base line and the climate action scenarios, compared with pre-industrial
Dotted lines show the proposed rate of change objective.
Tick prevalence (white dots) in central and northern Sweden
Note: White dots show prevalence, comparing the early 1980s and the mid 1990s in the same region (black line).
Total energy consumption and energy-related carbon dioxide emission in EU-25
Index 1990=100; 1990-2002 historical data; 2010-2030 baseline and LCEP projections.
Total GHG emissions in EU-25 (baseline and climate action scenarios)
Total observed precipitation for the events of 30 May-2 June 2013
Map shows cumulative precipitation amount over the period between 30 May and 2 June 2013.
Trends in summer soil moisture in Europe
Soil moisture content was modelled using a soil moisture balance model in the upper soil horizons (up to 1 m).