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Area of damaged forest and other wooded land by biotic agents
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Data: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cyprus (partly), Czech Republic (partly), Estonia, Finland, France (partly), Hungary, Italy, Norway (partly), Portugal (partly), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Turkey (partly), the United Kingdom
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Estimated number of days for wind erosion
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Calculations are based on wind velocity and soil texture.
While the overall patterns of erosion are generally sound, the validation of erosion data can be challenging. The data presented are currently being validated through comparisons with national datasets and expert judgement. In this sense, zooming in on a specific locality can give the impression of a situation that differs from reality.
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Europe's onshore and offshore wind energy potential
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This report provides a Europe-wide resource assessment of onshore and offshore wind potential in a geographically explicit manner. In addition to calculating raw wind resource potential, this study also introduces and quantitatively analyses the environmental and social constraints on wind sector development. Concerns addressed include the noise and visual impact of wind power, as well as the deaths of birds and bats that fly into rotor blades. The report also evaluates the future costs of wind energy production across Europe in order to gauge the potential output at competitive rates.
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Intensity of the damage caused by wind storms (Tatras region, Slovak Republic)
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The map shows the intensity of the damage caused by wind storms (Tatras region, Slovak Republic)
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Off-shore wind energy production and relative share of off‑shore wind energy production by country
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Projected relative change of annual maximum daily mean wind speed between 1961-2000 and 2050 using different models
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Data are calculated for 10 m height using the + 2 oC scenario for 2050 (IPCC-SRES A1B emission scenarios) and the reference climate (1961-2000) from three similar models (left) and one different model, MIROCHi (right).
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Soil erosion (CLIM 028) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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105 million ha., or 16 % of Europe’s total land area (excluding Russia) were estimated to be affected by water erosion in the 1990s.
Some 42 million ha. of land were estimated to be affected by wind erosion, of which around 1 million ha. were categorised as being severely affected.
A recent new model of soil erosion by water has estimated the surface area affected in the EU‐27 at 130 million ha. Almost 20 % is subjected to soil loss in excess of 10 tonnes/ha./year.
Increased variations in rainfall pattern and intensity will make soils more susceptible to water erosion, with off-site effects of soil erosion increasing.
Increased aridity will make finer-textured soils more vulnerable to wind erosion, especially if accompanied by a decrease in soil organic matter levels.
Reliable quantitative projections for soil erosion are not available.
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Indicators
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Soil erosion
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Storm index for various parts of Europe 1881-2005
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Positive values of the index mean higher storminess.
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Storms and storm surges in Europe (CLIM 005) - Assessment published Sep 2008
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There has been considerable variation, but no clear long term trend in storminess in Europe. Storm frequency was relatively high during the late 19th and early 20th century; then decreased in central and northern Europe. The recent high level is similar to the late 19th century level of storminess. Despite the variation in storminess, water levels along most vulnerable European coastlines of the North Sea and Mediterranean Sea have shown no significant storm-related variation. Extra-tropical storm tracks are projected to move pole-wards, with consequent changes in wind, precipitation, and temperature patterns, continuing the broad pattern of observed trends over the past half-century. Climate models indicate a slight decrease in the number of storms and an increase of the strength of the heaviest storms. Projections to the end of the 21st century show a significant increase in storm surge elevation for the continental North Sea and south-east England.
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Storms and storm surges in Europe
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Wind erosion in Europe, 1993
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