3.4.1. ECE-EMEP

3.4. International monitoring programmes, individual description

3.4.1. ECE-EMEP

As stated in Section 2.2.1, the purpose of the EMEP monitoring network is to provide a basis for control of the EMEP model to calculate transboundary fluxes, and not to provide sufficient monitoring data to map fully the gradients in regional air pollution in Europe. The EMEP network includes (1995) 126 monitoring stations in 28 countries. The monitoring programme (1995) is shown in Table 3.6. and Table 3.7. Table 3.3 summarises the regional air pollution monitoring network in each country. In most countries, the EMEP network is only a part of this total regional network.

An evaluation of the EMEP network relative to its objective has been performed (ECE, 1994). According to this evaluation, there are some shortcomings in the spatial coverage:

S and N compounds:
The spatial coverage is considered insufficient in a number of areas of typical dimension 200-600 km (diameter) in various parts of Eastern, Western and Southern Europe. In addition, the whole area east of the 30° E longitude is considered insufficiently covered.

Ozone:
EMEP ozone sites are lacking completely in much of Southern Europe, and east of the 30° E longitude. A number of new sites are recommended in those areas.

This evaluation concerns the sites reporting to EMEP which is to form a basis for model comparison. The total regional coverage is better when the other national sites are also considered. Still, however, the spatial coverage of regional monitoring is insufficient especially in parts of Southern, and most of Eastern Europe.

Table 3.6: Coverage of EMEP programme in participating countries.

Party	Complete EMEP programme	Precipitation programme complete	Air programme complete	Air programme except O3	NO2 sites	O3 sites	NO3, HNO3, NH4, NH3 sites	Number of sites 31/12 - 95	Party
Austria	0	3	0	0	0	3	0	3	Austria
Belarus	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Belarus
Belgium	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Belgium
Bosnia-Herzegovina	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Bosnia-Herzegovina
Bulgaria	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Bulgaria
Croatia	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	2	Croatia
Czech Rep.	2	2	2	0	2	2	2	2	Czech Rep.
Denmark	0	0	0	1	1	2	3	5	Denmark
Estonia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Estonia
Finland	4	4	4	0	4	4	4	4	Finland
France	0	7	0	0	0	0	0	7	France
Germany	0	8	0	0	8	15	0	17	Germany
Greece	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	Greece
Hungary	0	1	0	1	1	0	1	1	Hungary
Iceland	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	Iceland
Ireland	0	2	0	0	1	1	0	3	Ireland
Italy	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	1	Italy
Latvia	0	0	1	0	2	1	1	2	Latvia
Lithuania	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	Lithuania
Macedonia, F. Yugoslav Rep. of	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Macedonia, F. Yugoslav Rep. of
Moldova, Rep. of	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Moldova, Rep. of
Netherlands	0	1	0	0	2	3	0	3	Netherlands
Norway	5	6	5	1	7	11	7	12	Norway
Poland	0	2	4	0	4	4	4	4	Poland
Portugal	0	3	0	0	0	1	0	4	Portugal
Romania	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Romania
Russian Federation	0	4	0	0	4	0	0	4	Russian Federation
Slovak Rep.	0	4	0	0	4	3	0	4	Slovak Rep.
Slovenia	0	0	0	0	0	3	0	3	Slovenia
Spain	5	5	5	0	5	5	5	5	Spain
Sweden	3	4	3	1	6	6	5	8	Sweden
Switzerland	1	1	1	0	5	5	1	6	Switzerland
Turkey	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	Turkey
Ukraine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	Ukraine
United Kingdom	2	5	2	0	0	16	2	19	United Kingdom
Yugoslavia	0	2	0	0	2	0	0	2	Yugoslavia
CEC	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	1	CEC
Number of sites	24	69	29	4	64	89	37	126	Number of sites

 

Table 3.7: EMEP’s measurement programme 1995–1998.

	Components	Measurement period	Measurement frequency
Gases	SO2, NO2, HNO3, NH3 O3 Volatile organic compounds:* Light hydrocarbons C2–C7, ketones and aldehydes Hg**	24 hours 1 hour averages stored 10–15 minutes 8 hours To be decided	Daily Continuously Twice weekly Twice weekly To be decided
Particles	SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ Trace metals**	24 hours To be decided	Daily To be decided
Gases + particles	HNO3 + NO3- NH3 + NH4+ (separate measurements preferred) Persistent organic compounds**	24 hours 24 hours To be decided	Daily Daily To be decided
Precipitation	Amount, pH/H+, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, Ca2+, K+, Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, conductivity Trace metals** Persistent organic compounds**	24 hours To be decided To be decided	Daily To be decided To be decided

* At a limited number of sites only.

** Trace metals and persistent organic compounds (POP) are not yet included in the programme.

Figure 3.1: Location of EMEP stations (per 31.12.1995).
(Ozone sites not included).

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