-
civil law
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Law inspired by old Roman Law, the primary feature of which was that laws were written into a collection; codified, and not determined, as is common law, by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow.
(Source: DUHA)
-
hydrographic network
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The configuration or arrangement in plan view of the natural stream courses in an area. It is related to local geologic and geomorphologic features and history. Synonym: drainage pattern.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
mill
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A building where grain is crushed into flour.
(Source: CAMB)
-
silicon
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A brittle metalloid element that exists in two allotropic forms; occurs principally in sand, quartz, granite, feldspar, and clay. It is usually a grey crystalline solid but is also found as a brown amorphous powder. It is used in transistors, rectifiers, solar cells, and alloys. Its compounds are widely used in glass manufacture, the building industry, and in the form of silicones.
(Source: CED)
-
metabolism
—
14 Feb 2017
-
All the chemical reactions that take place in a living organism, comprising both anabolism and catabolism. Basal metabolism is the energy exchange of an animal at rest. Catabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones. Catabolism is the breaking down by organisms of complex molecules into simpler ones with the liberation of energy.
(Source: ALL)
-
reference service
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The provision of aid by library staff trained to interpret library materials and library organizational structures to meet the informational, educational, cultural, recreational or research needs of the library's clients.
(Source: OED / LFS)
-
civil air traffic
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Air traffic pertaining to or serving the general public, as distinguished from military air traffic.
-
military zone
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Area whose utilization is exclusively reserved to the army.
(Source: ZINZAN)
-
milk
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The whitish fluid secreted by the mammary gland for the nourishment of the young; composed of carbohydrates, proteins, fats. mineral salts, vitamins, and antibodies.
(Source: MGH)
-
immission forecast
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The prediction of immissions is calculated on the basis of the pollutant load, the source height, the wind speed and the dispersion coefficient.
(Source: FLGISA)
-
damage
—
14 Feb 2017
-
An injury or harm impairing the function or condition of a person or thing.
(Source: CED)
-
category of endangered species
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Those of the planet's flora and fauna which are threatened with extinction. Hunting and poaching to fuel the trade in ivory, horn, skins, fur and feathers have long been a threat to already endangered species. Pollution, agricultural expansion, loss of wetlands, deforestation and other erosion of habitats have been added to the hazards. Human activity was responsible for most of the animals and plants known to have been lost in the past two centuries.
(Source: WRIGHT)
-
dam
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Structure constructed across a watercourse or stream channel.
(Source: LANDY)
-
cation
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A positively charged atom or group of atoms, or a radical which moves to the negative pole (cathode) during electrolysis.
(Source: MGH)
-
cattle
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Domesticated bovine animals, including cows, steers and bulls, raised and bred on a ranch or farm.
(Source: MGH)
-
dairy farm
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A commercial establishment for processing or selling milk and milk products.
(Source: AMHER)
-
dairy industry
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Production of food made from milk or milk products.
(Source: MGH)
-
educational system
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Any formulated, regular or special organization of instruction, training or knowledge disclosure, especially the institutional structures supporting that endeavor.
(Source: ISEP / OED)
-
cause for concern principle
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Principle connected with the precautionary principle: it means that, if there are strong reasons for expecting serious or irreversible damage to the environment following a given project, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation. Critics of this approach are concerned about large commitments of resources to deal with vaguely defined problems.
(Source: GILP96a)
-
education policy
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A course of action adopted and pursued by government or some other organization, which promotes or determines the goals, methods and programs to be used for training, instruction or study that leads to the acquisition of skills or knowledge, or the development of reasoning and judgment.
(Source: RHW)
-
educational planning
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The process of making arrangements or preparations to facilitate the training, instruction or study that leads to the acquisition of skills or knowledge, or the development of reasoning and judgment.
(Source: RHW)
-
damage from military manoeuvres
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Injury or harm resulting from the planned movement of armed forces or from the tactical exercises simulating war operations that is carried out for training and evaluation purposes.
(Source: GT2 / JSS)
-
damage prevention
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The aggregate of approaches and measures to ensure that human action or natural phenomena do not cause damage. It implies the formulation and implementation of long-range policies and programmes to eliminate or prevent the damages caused by disasters.
(Source: GUNN)
-
youth work
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Job opportunities and employment for adolescents, either for financial reward or educational enrichment.
(Source: RHW)
-
sand flat
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A sandy tidal flat barren of vegetation. A tidal flat is an extensive, nearly horizontal, marshy or barren tract of land that is alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, and consisting of unconsolidated sediment (mostly mud and sand). It may form the top surface of a deltaic deposit.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
use of leisure time
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Making use of free time to carry out recreational activities.
(Source: RRDA)
-
producer liability
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Obligations, responsibilities or debts imposed upon all members of an industry that manufactures or produces a product or service causing injury or harm to a consumer and apportioned according to each member's share of the market for the product.
(Source: BLD)
-
chemical oxygen demand
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The quantity of oxygen used in biological and non-biological oxidation of materials in water; a measure of water quality.
(Source: LANDY)
-
equivalent dose
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A quantity used in radiation protection, expressing all radiation on a common scale for calculating the effective absorbed dose. The unit of dose equivalent is the rem. which is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by certain modifying factors such as the quality factor, the distribution factor, etc.
(Source: KOREN)
-
identification of pollutants
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The determination of the specific substance or substances that are causing pollution.
(Source: RHW)
-
coating
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A material applied onto or impregnated into a substrate for protective, decorative, or functional purposes. Such materials include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, adhesives, thinners, diluents, and inks.
(Source: LEE)
-
equipment
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Any collection of materials, supplies or apparatuses stored, furnished or provided for an undertaking or activity.
(Source: RHW)
-
equine
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Animals belonging to the family of Equidae.
(Source: ZINZAN)
-
whey
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The watery liquid that separates from the curd when the milk is clotted, as in making cheese.
(Source: CED)
-
mineral oil
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Oil which derives from petroleum and is made up of hydrocarbons.
(Source: PHC)
-
chemical pollutant
—
14 Feb 2017
-
-
silver
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A very ductile malleable brilliant greyish-white element having the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal. It occurs free and in argentite and other ores: used in jewellery, tableware, coinage, electrical contacts, and in electroplating. Its compounds are used in photography.
(Source: CED)
-
high-speed train
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Trains travelling at maximum speeds of 300kmh on special high-speed rail lines.
(Source: RRDA)
-
wreck
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The hulk of a wrecked or stranded ship; a ship dashed against rocks or land and broken or otherwise rendered useless.
(Source: ISEP)
-
chemical pest control
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Control of plants and animals classified as pests by means of chemical compounds.
(Source: WPR)
-
EC directive
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A type of legislation issued by the European Union which is binding on Member States in terms of the results to be achieved but which leaves to Member States the choice of methods.
(Source: BUSIN)
-
chemical plant
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Plants where basic raw materials are chemically converted into a variety of products.
(Source: MGH)
-
chemical policy
—
14 Feb 2017
-
-
chemical industry
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Industry related with the production of chemical compounds. The chemical processing industry has a variety of special pollution problems due to the vast number of products manufactured. The treatment processes combine processing, concentration, separation, extraction, by-product recovery, destruction, and reduction in concentration. The wastes may originate from solvent extraction, acid and caustic wastes, overflows, spills, mechanical loss, etc.
(Source: PZ)
-
EC directive on water protection
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Directive concerning the use and management of water resources for a rational economical and social development and the protection of the related environmental features.
(Source: DIRAMB)
-
EC directive on waste disposal
—
14 Feb 2017
-
EC Directive whose main object concerns waste prevention, recycling and transformation into alternative energy sources.
(Source: DIRAMB)
-
moisture
—
14 Feb 2017
-
1) The water vapour content of the atmosphere, or the total water substances (gaseous, liquid and solid) present in a given volume of air.
2) Water that is dispersed through a gas in the form of water vapour or small droplets, dispersed through a solid, or condensed on the surface of a solid.
(Source: MGH)
-
refuse derived fuel
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Fuel produced from domestic refuse, after glass and metals have been removed from it, by compressing it to form briquettes used to fuel boilers.
(Source: PORT)
-
biological engineering
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The application of engineering principles and techniques to living organisms. It is largely concerned with the design of replacement body parts, such as limbs, heart valves, etc.
(Source: UVAROV)
-
mollusc
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Any of various invertebrates having a soft unsegmented body and often a shell, secreted by a fold of skin.
(Source: CED)
-
biological indicator
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A species or organism that is used to grade environmental quality or change.
(Source: ALL)
-
green space
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A plot of vegetated land separating or surrounding areas of intensive residential or industrial use and devoted to recreation or park uses.
(Source: LANDY)
-
land restoration in mountain areas
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Measures adopted to control erosion and degradation phenomena in the mountain regions caused by the loss of forest cover due to acid rain, uncontrolled forest cutting, winter skiing resorts construction, etc.
(Source: DIZAMBa)
-
soil stability
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Soil stability depends on its shear strength, its compressibility and its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
fountain
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A stream of water that is forced up into the air through a small hole, especially for decorative effect or the structure in a lake or pool from which this flows.
(Source: CAMB)
-
green vegetable
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A vegetable having the edible parts rich in chlorophyll and forming an important source of vitamins and micronutrients.
(Source: WEBSTE)
-
water reservoir
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Artificial or natural area of water, used for storing water for domestic or industrial use.
(Source: PHC)
-
mud flat
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A relatively level area of fine silt along a shore (as in a sheltered estuary) or around an island, alternately covered and uncovered by the tide, or covered by shallow water.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
raster
—
14 Feb 2017
-
One of the two major types of internal data organization used in GIS. Raster systems superimpose a regular grid over the area of interest and associate each cell-or pixel, to use the image term- with one or more data records. The values associated with each grid cell may represent either real values or any scalar or nominal data values associated with the cell coordinates. Among the strengths of the raster method is its ability to accept data directly from remote sensing systems and to represent transitional information. Raster systems tend to be relatively storage-intensive and this imposes practical limits on the area of coverage, the resolution, or both of these. Capacity constraints are, however, becoming less significant as computer memory and storage become more powerful and as data compression techniques become more readily available.
(Source: YOUNG)
-
attribute
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A distinctive feature of an object. In mapping and GIS applications, the objects are points, lines, or polygons that represent features such as sampling locations, section corners (points); roads and streams (lines); lakes, forest and soil types (polygons). These attributes can be further divided into classes such as tree species Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine) for forest types and paved and gravel for road types. Multiple attributes are generally associated with objects that are located on a single map layer.
(Source: FORUMT)
-
line
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Term used in GIS technologies in the vector type of internal data organization: spatial data are divided into point, line and polygon types. In most cases, point entities (nodes) are specified directly as coordinate pairs, with lines (arcs or edges) represented as chains of points. Regions are similarly defined in terms of the lines which form their boundaries. Some vector GIS store information in the form of points, line segments and point pairs; others maintain closed lists of points defining polygon regions. Vector structures are especially suited to storing definitions of spatial objects for which sharp boundaries exist or can be imposed.
(Source: YOUNG)
-
polygon
—
14 Feb 2017
-
In the vector type of GIS internal data organization spatial data are conveniently divided into point, line and polygon types. Some vector GIS store information in the form of points, line segments and point pairs; others maintain close lists of points defining polygon regions.
(Source: YOUNG)
-
gridding
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A system of uniformly spaced perpendicular lines and horizontal lines running north and south, and east and west on a map, chart, or aerial photograph; used in locating points.
(Source: MGH)
-
raster to vector
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Methods to convert remotely sensed raster data to vector format. A number of raster-to-vector and vector-to-raster conversion procedures have been developed and introduced to current releases of many GIS packages.
(Source: YOUNG)
-
GIS digital technique
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The transformation to digital form of data collected by remote sensing, traditional field and documentary methods and of existing historical data such as paper maps, charts, and publications.
(Source: YOUNG)
-
interpolation
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A process used to estimate an intermediate value of one (dependent) variable which is a function of a second (independent) variable when values of the dependent variable corresponding to several discrete values of the independent variable are known.
(Source: MGH)
-
grinding
—
14 Feb 2017
-
To reduce to powder or small fragments.
(Source: LEE)
-
erosion control
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Practices used during construction or other land disturbing activities to reduce or prevent soil erosion. Typical practices include planting of trees and quick growing grass on disturbed areas and other means to slow the movement of water across a disturbed site and trap the soil that does get transported by runoff.
(Source: YORK)
-
bradyseism
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A long-continued, extremely slow vertical instability of the crust, as in the volcanic district west of Naples, Italy, where the Phlegraean bradyseism has involved up-and-down movements between 6 m below sea level and 6 m above over a period of more than 2.000 years.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
marker
—
14 Feb 2017
-
1) Small amount of an easily detected substance that can be used to follow and quantify the flow of materials or movement of organisms not otherwise visible or detectable by ordinary means.
2) An isotope of an element, a small amount of which may be incorporated into a sample of material in order to follow the course of that element through a chemical, biological, or physical process, and thus also follow the larger sample. The tracer may be radioactive, in which case observations are made by measuring the radioactivity.
(Source: ECHO1)
-
brackish water
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Water, salty between the concentrations of fresh water and sea water; usually 5-10 parts x thousand.
(Source: LANDY)
-
water pollution
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The manmade or man-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, biological and radiological integrity of water.
(Source: LANDY)
-
water pollution prevention
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Precautionary measures, actions or installations implemented to avert or hinder human-made or human-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical and radiological integrity of water.
(Source: TOE)
-
water protection
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Measures to conserve surface and groundwater; to ensure the continued availability of water for growing domestic, commercial and industrial uses and to ensure sufficient water for natural ecosystems.
(Source: GILP96a)
-
water protection directive
—
14 Feb 2017
-
-
retrofitting of old plants
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Making changes to old industrial plants installing new equipment's and facilities for the disposal of gas emissions in the atmosphere, of waste water and waste material in soil and water.
(Source: RRDA)
-
marine biology
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A branch of biology that deals with those living organisms which inhabit the sea.
(Source: MGH)
-
mariculture
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Cultivation of marine organisms in their natural habitats, usually for commercial purposes.
(Source: AMHER)
-
gross national product
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Gross domestic product adjusted for foreign transactions, i.e. to the figure for Gross Domestic Product must be added any income accruing to residents of the country arising from investment and other factor earnings abroad and from it must be deducted any income earned in the domestic market by factors owned by foreigners abroad.
(Source: GOOD)
-
marginal land
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Low quality land the value of whose production barely covers its cultivation costs.
(Source: PAENS)
-
allocation
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The assignment or allotment of resources to various uses in accord with a stated goal or policy.
(Source: ODE)
-
building area
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Land and other places on, under, in or through which the temporary and permanent works are to be executed and any other lands or places needed for the purposes of construction.
(Source: ECHO1)
-
building component
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A building element which uses industrial products that are manufactured as independent until capable of being joined with other elements.
(Source: HARRIS)
-
financial contribution
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Something given, including any form of income or price support; individual investor's monetary offering or contribution to common fund or stock; government agency's or lending aid agency's subsidy, grant, or other contribution to help bolster an economy.
(Source: OED)
-
soil type
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A phase or subdivision of a soil series based primarily on texture of the surface soil to a depth at least equal to plow depth (about 15 cm).
(Source: BJGEO)
-
soil texture
—
14 Feb 2017
-
1) Refers to the relative proportions of the various size groups (sand, silt and clay) of the individual soil grains in a mass of soil.
2) Classification of soil by the proportion and graduations of the three size groups of soil grains, i.e., sand, silt and clay, present in the soil.
(Source: LANDY)
-
Parliament
—
14 Feb 2017
-
An assembly of elected representatives, typically controlled by a political party and constituting the legislative and, in some cases, the executive power of a state.
(Source: CIV / APS)
-
building industry
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The art and technique of building houses.
(Source: ZINZAN)
-
soil stabilisation
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Chemical or mechanical treatment designed to increase or maintain the stability of a soil mass or otherwise to improve its engineering properties, as by increasing its shear strength, reducing its compressibility, or decreasing its tendency to absorb water. Stabilization methods include physical compaction and treatment with cement, lime, and bitumen.
(Source: BJGEO)
-
soil surface sealing
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Any activity or process in which ground surface areas are packed or plugged to prevent percolation or the passage of fluids.
(Source: SIS / ERG)
-
soil subsidence
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A sinking down of a part of the earth's crust, generally due to underground excavations.
(Source: MGH)
-
soil science
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The study of the properties, occurrence, and management of soil as a natural resource. Generally it includes the chemistry, microbiology, physics, morphology, and mineralogy of soils, as well as their genesis and classification.
(Source: MGH)
-
surplus
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The extent to which assets exceed liabilities, especially the profits remaining after operating expenses, taxes, interest and insurance costs are subtracted.
(Source: IVW)
-
soil settling
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Compaction involves the close-packing of the individual grains mainly by the elimination of pore-space and expulsion of entrapped water; this is normally brought about by the weight of the overlying sediments.
(Source: ECHO2)
-
settling tank
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A tank into which a two-phase mixture is fed and the entrained solids settle by gravity during storage.
(Source: MGH)
-
shellfish farming
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Raising of shellfish in inland waters, estuaries or coastal waters, for commercial purposes. All commercial shellfish beds producing bivalve molluscs must be monitored for microbial contamination. Samples of water and shellfish flesh must be tested for the presence of algal toxins. Periodic monitoring of fish and shellfish must be carried out to check for the presence of contaminants.
(Source: WRIGHTa / MAFF)
-
seaside resort
—
14 Feb 2017
-
A place near the sea where people spend their holidays and enjoy themselves.
(Source: CAMB)
-
agricultural planning
—
14 Feb 2017
-
The development of plans and measures to achieve greater and more efficient output from agriculture; a sound agricultural policy should be able to reconcile three basic needs: the production of food and agricultural products, the protection of the environment and the maintenance of the socio-economic structure of rural areas.
(Source: DOBRISa)
-
agricultural pest
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Insects and mites that damage crops, weeds that compete with field crops for nutrients and water, plants that choke irrigation channels or drainage systems, rodents that eat young plants and grain, and birds that eat seedlings or stored foodstuffs.
(Source: WRIGHT)
-
agricultural method
—
14 Feb 2017
-
Practices and techniques employed in agriculture to improve yields and productivity. Over the last few decades they have undergone big changes: tilling, sowing and harvesting have become increasingly mechanised, and the methods of applying fertilisers and pesticides have become more sophisticated. Many changes within the agricultural system can be summed up by "intensification". The result and aim of intensification has been to achieve increases in production, yields and labour productivity in agriculture.
(Source: DOBRIS)
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