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Potential reduction in total annual premature deaths (central estimate and 95 % confidence interval (CI)) among people 30 years and over in 26 APHEIS cities
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Abstract: The potential health benefits of reducing annual mean PM2.5 levels from the current observed values to 25, 20, 15 and 10 µg/m3 were estimated for the 26 European cities of the APHEIS network in 15 European countries, using well-established methods and published results of research on the effects of current air pollution on public health
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Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas (CSI 004) - Assessment published May 2012
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Particulate Matter (PM 10 )
In the period 1997-2009, 18-49 % of the urban population in EU-27 was potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of particulate matter (PM 10 ) in excess of the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (50 microgram/m 3 daily mean not to be exceeded more than 35 days a calendar year and to be met by 2005). There was no discernible trend over the period (Figure 1).
Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 )
In the period 1997-2009, 6-41 % of the urban population in EU-27 was potentially exposed to ambient air nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations above the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (40 microgram NO 2 /m 3 annual mean and to be met by 2010). There was a slight downwards trend over the period (Figure 1).
Ozone (O 3 )
In the period 1997-2009, 13-61 % of the urban population in EU-27 was potentially exposed to ambient ozone concentrations exceeding the EU target value set for the protection of human health (120 microgram O 3 /m 3 daily maximum 8-hourly average, not to be exceeded more than 25 times a calendar year by 2010, averaged over three years and to be achieved where possible by 2010). The 61 % of the urban population exposed to ambient ozone concentrations over the EU target value was recorded in 2003. There was no discernible trend over the period (Figure 1).
Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 )
In the period 1997-2009, the fraction of the urban population in EU-27 that is potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of sulphur dioxide in excess of the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (125 microgram SO 2 /m 3 daily mean not to be exceeded more than three days a year and to be met by 2005), decreased to less than 1 %, and as such the EU limit value is close to being met everywhere in the urban background (Figure 1).
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Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas
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Percentage of population exposed to NO2 annual concentrations in urban areas, 1997-2009 (EU-27)
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The annual mean limit value is 40 µg NO2/m3 and to be met by 2010. Over the years 1997-2009 the total population, for which exposure estimates are made, increased from 54 to 118 million people due to an increasing number of monitoring stations reporting air quality data under the Exchange of Information Decision. Year-to-year variations in exposure classes are partly caused by the changes in spatial coverage. Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta, are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit.
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4th highest 24-hour mean SO2 concentration observed at urban stations, 1997-2009 (EU-27)
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Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg and Malta, are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit.
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Sector share of non-methane volatile organic compounds emissions - 2010 (EEA member countries)
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The contribution made by different sectors to emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) in 2010.
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36th highest 24-hour mean PM10 concentration observed at urban background stations, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
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Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Greece and Malta are not included due to missing availability of operational urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations in the Urban Audit cities.
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Annual mean NO2 concentration observed at urban background stations, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
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Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus and Malta are not included due to missing availability of operational urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations in the Urban Audit cities.
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Percentage of urban population resident in areas for days per year with ozone concentrations over the long-term objective for protection of human health, 2001-2010 (EU-27)
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The target value is 120 µg O3/m3 as daily maximum of 8 hour mean, not to be exceeded more than 25 days per calendar year, averaged over three years and to be achieved where possible by 2010. Over the years 2001-2010 the total population for which exposure estimates are made, increased from 87 to 115 million people due to an increasing number of monitoring stations reporting under the Exchange of Information Decision. Year-to-year variations in exposure classes are partly caused by the changes in spatial coverage. Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Cyprus is not included due to missing availability of operational urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations in the Urban Audit cities.
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EU emissions of As, Cd, Hg, Ni and Pb, 2001–2010, as a percentage of 2001 emissions
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Poland did not report emissions of As nor Ni in 2004 which explains the decrease in reported emissions in 2004. Poland was responsible for 15–20 % of EU emissions of As and 13–18 % of EU emissions of Ni in 2001–2010.
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions (APE 003) - Assessment published Dec 2012
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EEA-32 emissions of NH 3 have declined by 28% between the years 1990 and 2010. Agriculture was responsible for 94% of NH 3 emissions in 2010.
The reduction in emissions within the agricultural sector is primarily due to a reduction in livestock numbers (especially cattle) since 1990, changes in the handling and management of organic manures and from the decreased use of nitrogenous fertilisers. The reductions achieved in the agricultural sector have been marginally offset by the increase in annual emissions over this period in the road-transport sector, and to a lesser extent the 'Solvent and product use' and 'Non-road transport' sectors.
All but two of the EU-27 Member States reported 2010 national NH 3 emissions under NECD below the level of the 2010 emission ceilings set in the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) [1] . Emissions in 2010 for two of the three non-EU countries having emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) were also below the level of the respective 2010 ceilings.
Environmental context: NH 3 contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. NH 3 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols, an important air pollutant due to its adverse impacts on human health.
[1] Emissions data reported by EU member states under NECD is used for comparison with NECD ceilings, and data reported under CLRTAP is used for all other calculations unless otherwise stated. 2010 emissions reported under NECD in 2012 by 11 member states differed from that reported under CLRTAP.
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Ammonia (NH3) emissions
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