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Indicator Assessment
Transport energy consumption in the EEA member countries increased by 33 % between 1990 and 2006 (from 336 to 446 of Mtoe). Road transport, consuming around 71 % of transport energy consumption (319 Mtoe in 2006), is the largest consumer. While the energy consumed by rail has remained fairly constant. Aviation is the fastest growing energy consumer, with an increase of 73 % between 1990 and 2006 (from 31.4 to 54.5 of Mtoe). The continued transport growth in energy consumption threatens compliance with the Kyoto targets.
Transport energy consumption in the EEA member countries increased by 33 % between 1990 and 2006 (from 336 to 446 million tonnes oil equivalents (Mtoe)). Transport energy consumption in EEA member countries has grown by 2 % per year during the 1990-2006 period. All regions have shown a growth in transport energy consumption for the period 1990 - 2006. EEA member countries witnessed an increase in growth of 2.1 % per yea (between 1990 and 2006). The largest growth is in the 12 new Member States at 2.6 % whereas the 15 old Member states saw an increase in growth of 2 %.
There have been improvements in energy efficiency, such as for passenger cars, where new vehicles have increased energy efficiency by 1.5 % per year since 1995, but they have fallen far short of offsetting the growth in transport demand. Moreover, the continuing shift of transport demand towards more energy intensive road and air modes have also contributed to the increase. The growth in energy consumption in the transport sector is projected to continue at an average of 1 % a year in the EU-25 from 2000-2030 if no further policy measures are taken. However, transport demand is projected to grow faster. The energy intensity of transport is thus expected to decrease by 0.8 % per year for passenger transport and by 0.38 % per year for freight transport, in the period 2005 to 2030 (EC, 2008).
While the growth figures for the regions are roughly equal there are some noticeable variations. In the 15 old EU Member States transport energy consumption has grown steadily since 1990. However, many of the 12 new EU Member States have experienced a decline during nineties reflecting the transition to market economies. The total transport energy consumption in the 12 new EU Member States is still lower than in the 15 old EU Member States. Road transport energy consumption has increased in both the old and new EU Member States. In fact energy consumption from road transport has increased by 61 % from 1990-2006 in these 12 new states, with a 7 % increase between 2005 and 2006. The share of road transport in the 12 new EU Member States is higher, as a result of the small share of air and sea shipping in transport energy consumption.
Air transport market share shows the strongest growth in energy consumption of all modes over the last 16 years (74 % in EEA member countries), linked to the strong increase in demand. The low share of rail is partly due to its relatively small market share, but also because in most situations rail transport is less energy-intensive than other transport modes. The large decline in rail energy consumption in the 12 new EU Member States follows a decline in rail energy market share.
Across the EEA member countries energy consumption in maritime transport (i.e. bunkers) has grown by 52% since 1990 (from 36 Mtoe to 55 Mtoe in 2006). However there has been a slight decline over the period in the consumption in the new member states.
Inland navigation includes water transport in coastal waters and on inland waterways and is only significant in countries with these geographical features, e.g. Germany, France and Finland. The energy consumption from inland transport remained more or less constant during the 1990s followed by a decline which is now reversing. Yet energy consumption remains 11% below the 1990 level in the EEA member countries, mainly due to the reduced importance of bulk industries, which dominates demand for inland shipping.
Besides this overall common development, there is considerable variation among countries, although road in nearly all cases dominates transport energy consumption. Differences are mainly due to geographical and topographical constraints such as settlement and transport patterns, and to a limited extent by political choices.
Additional policies that reduce the demand for transport, encourage modal shift towards more environmentally-friendly modes, improve transport management and enhance vehicle's energy efficiency are required in order to reduce CO2 emissions from transport. Policies that focus only on the efficiency of vehicles will not be sufficient to overcome the dependency on road transport, as they may reduce the cost of transport movements, hence causing increased demand, via the so-called rebound effect.
This indicator considers total energy consumption in transport in PJ from 1990 onwards. The transport modes included are bunkers (sea transport), air transport (domestic and international), inland navigation, rail transport and road transport.
In this indicator, transport energy consumption is measured in terajoules (1 TJ = 1012 joules).
Reductions in fuel consumption in the transport sector, and/or reductions of related impacts, may be achieved via three primary means:
Although climate policy and the Kyoto Protocol are important drivers of reducing fossil fuel consumption (and air quality policy to a lesser extent), this indicator is primarily concerned with energy policy. Other related issues are addressed in TERM002 (Greenhouse gas emissions from transport in Europe), TERM003 (Emissions of air pollutants from transport) and TERM031 (Use of renewable fuels in transport in Europe).
The EU has set itself the following targets:
If the 2030 policy framework, proposed in January 2014, is accepted, these targets will be built upon. Additional targets — which aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40 % by 2030 and increase the proportion of energy that is renewable by at least 27 %, also by 2030 — will be set. Improvements in energy efficiency are still encouraged (as part of the '20-20-20' target to increase energy efficiency by 20 % by 2020), but no new target has been proposed (EC, 2014).
Two key documents published by the European Commission in 2011 outline possible strategies for the transport sector, which are compatible with the 2050 target. These are the Roadmap for moving to a competitive low-carbon economy in 2050 (EC, 2011) and the third decennial Transport White Paper, Roadmap to a single European transport area — Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system (EC, 2011).
The impact assessment that accompanied the 2011 Transport White Paper (EC, 2011) suggests that a 70 % reduction in oil consumption in transport from 2008 levels should be achieved by 2050.
Energy statistics for transport are collected from Member States and collated by Eurostat. To assess whether total energy consumption in transport is growing, time series data for energy consumed were obtained from Eurostat. Data for various fuels were downloaded for bunker (sea), air (domestic and international), inland navigation, road and rail transport. Data for bunkers cover the quantities of fuel delivered to sea-going vessels of all countries. Data for inland and coastal waters are not included in bunker (sea) data. Data for air transport cover quantities of fuel consumed in national and international air traffic. Data on the energy consumed by electric and diesel trains are included within rail data.
Since Eurostat data are used to process statistics, the Eurostat methodology should be referred to for data collection and specification (see Eurostat, ITF and UNECE, 2009).
No methodology for gap filling is applied for this indicator.
No methodology references available.
Data trends within individual countries are difficult to ascertain, as energy consumption data often show unexpected variability from year to year. Energy consumption is calculated based on fuel sales and a common questionnaire is used to report it.
National data vary significantly from country to country and depending on the fuel type and production/consumption sector. The most reliable data come from the EU-15 countries. However, oil pipeline data are lacking for the majority of countries, making them less reliable. Occasionally, data used in older time series may change because of revisions in the methodology used. Such changes have resulted in small alterations, of a few per cent.
For the EU-13, data are generally much less reliable. Gaps are frequent, as are conspicuous jumps in consumption (e.g. doubling or more).
No uncertainty has been specified.
For references, please go to https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/transport-final-energy-consumption-by-mode/transport-final-energy-consumption-by-1 or scan the QR code.
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