http://www.eea.europa.eu These are the search results for the query, showing results 71 to 85. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/emissions-of-acidifying-substances-version-2/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Emissions of acidifying pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NO X ), sulphur oxides (SO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) have decreased significantly in most of the individual EEA member countries between 1990 and 2008. Emissions of SO 2 have decreased by 74 %, NO X by 34 % and NH 3 emissions by 24 % since 1990. The EU-27 is on track to meet its overall target to reduce emissions of SO 2 and NH 3 as specified by the EU's NEC Directive (NECD). However a large number of individual Member States, and the EU as a whole, anticipate missing the 2010 emission ceilings set for NO X in the NECD, Of the three non-EU countries having emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), both Liechtenstein and Norway also reported NO X emissions in 2008 that were substantially higher than their respective 2010 ceilings. No publisher adamsma1 SOER2010 assessment10 CSI Assessment10 NH3 acidification industry ammonia air APE2010 SO2 NOx air emissions nitrogen SOx air quality agriculture CSI001 pollution 2010-10-25T12:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/se/air-pollution-drivers-and-pressures-sweden?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Key drivers and pressures of air pollution. Links to further national information on air pollution. No publisher antonio air quality air pollution long-distance transport industry energy production shipping road traffic studded tyres SOER2010 country assessment 2010-10-23T02:00:00+02:00 Common environmental theme http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/member-states-reporting-art-7-under-the-european-pollutant-release-and-transfer-register-e-prtr-regulation-2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) is a web-based register established by Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 which implements the UNECE PRTR Protocol, signed in May 2003 in Kiev No publisher simoens EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment). industry geospatial data air pollution 2010-10-18T09:13:11+02:00 Data http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea-32-non-methane-volatile-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) have decreased by 45% since 1990. In 2008, the most significant sources of NMVOC emissions were the Solvent and product use' sector (36%) (comprising activities such as paint application, dry-cleaning and other use of solvents), followed by the road transport sector (17%). The decline in emissions since 1990 has primarily been due to reductions achieved in the road transport sector due to the introduction of vehicle catalytic converters and carbon canisters on petrol cars, for evaporative emission control driven by tighter vehicle emission standards, combined with limits on the maximum volatility of petrol that can be sold in EU Member States, as set in fuel quality directives.  The reductions in NMVOC emissions have been enhanced by the switching from petrol to diesel cars in some EU countries, and changes in the Solvents and product use' sector (a result of the introduction of legislative measures limiting for example the use and emissions of solvents). The EU-27 Member States have, in general, made good progress towards reducing emissions in line with their obligations under the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD). Nineteen Member States (Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) have already reduced their national NMVOC emissions below the level of the emission ceilings set in the NECD. However, three Member States (Denmark, Germany and Spain) reported 2008 emissions significantly above their respective emission ceilings and therefore require significant reductions to have been made in 2009 and 2010 in order to comply with the NECD. Emissions in 2008 for the three non-EU countries having emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) were all well below their respective ceilings. Environmental context: Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) are a collection of organic compounds that differ widely in their chemical composition but display similar behaviour in the atmosphere. NMVOCs are emitted into the atmosphere from a large number of sources including combustion activities, solvent use and production processes. NMVOCs contribute to the formation of ground level (tropospheric) ozone. In addition, certain NMVOC species such as benzene and 1,3 butadiene are hazardous to human health. Quantifying the emissions of total NMVOCs provides an indicator of the emissions of the most hazardous NMVOCs. No publisher adamsma1 air quality assessment10 APE004 industry air APE2010 NMVOC air emissions human pollution APE 2010-10-15T16:15:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea-32-nitrogen-oxides-nox-emissions-1/assessment.2010-08-19.0140149032?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO X ) have decreased by 34% between 1990 and 2008. In 2008, the most significant sources of NO X emissions were the road transport sector (39%), combustion processes from within the energy industries sector (21%), the commercial, institutional and households sector (15%) and from industrial energy use (14%). The largest reduction of emissions since 1990 has occurred in the road transport sector.  These reductions have been achieved despite the general increase in activity within this sector since the early 1990s and have primarily been achieved as a result of fitting three-way catalysts to petrol fuelled vehicles. In the electricity/energy production sector reductions have also occurred, in these instances as a result of measures such as the introduction of combustion modification technologies (such as use of low NO X burners), implementation of flue-gas abatement techniques (e.g. NO X scrubbers and selective (SCR) and non-selective (SNCR) catalytic reduction techniques) and fuel-switching from coal to gas. The National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) specifies NO X emission ceilings for Member States that must be met by 2010. In general, the newer EU Member States have made substantially better progress towards meeting their respective NO X ceilings than the older Member States of the EU-15.  Ten of the twelve post-2004 Member States have already reduced emissions beyond what is required under the NECD, and one (Slovenia) reported NO X emissions just 5% above the NECD target in 2008. In contrast, only one EU-15 Member State (Finland) had 2008 emissions within its respective national ceiling.  Many Member States though require a significant reduction of NO X emissions to have been made in 2009 and 2010 if they are to meet their obligations under the NECD.  Of the three non-EU countries having emission ceilings set under the UNECE/CLRTAP Gothenburg protocol (Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland) only for Switzerland were emissions in 2008  below the level of the respective 2010 ceilings Environmental context: NO X contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. It is NO 2 that is associated with adverse affects on human health, as at high concentrations it can cause inflammation of the airways. NO 2 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols and tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere - both are important air pollutants due to their adverse impacts on human health. No publisher adamsma1 APE002 air quality assessment10 Baseline2010 industry air APE2010 NOx air emissions human pollution nitrogen APE 2010-10-15T11:17:47+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-persistent-organic-pollutant-pop-emissions-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of a number of compounds categorised as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have decreased between 1990 and 2008 - hexachlorobenzene (HCB, by -89%), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, by -86%), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, by -76%), dioxins & furans (by 81%) and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, by -60%). While the majority of individual countries report POP emissions have fallen during this period, a number do report that increased emissions have occurred. In 2008, the most significant sources of emissions for these POPs included the 'Commercial, institutional and households' (53% of PAHs, 30% of dioxins & furans, 23% of PCBs) and 'Industrial Processes' (99% of HCB, 74% of HCH, 37% of PCBs) sectors. Important emission sources of PAH, include residential combustion processes (open fires, coal and wood burning for heating purposes etc), industrial metal production processes, and the road transport sector. Emissions from these sources have all declined since 1990 as a result of decreased residential use of coal, improvements in abatement technologies for metal refining and smelting, and stricter regulations on emissions from the road transport sector. Environmental context: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, have potential to bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. This group of substances includes unintentional by-products of industrial processes (such as PAHs, dioxins and furans) pesticides (such as DDT), and industrial chemicals (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs). All share the property of being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that chronic exposure of lower organisms to much lower concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans and wildlife, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of concern for human health because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. Their relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies are compound specific. POPs have also been shown to possess a number of toxicological properties. The major concern is often centred on their possible role in carcinogenic, immunological and reproductive effects but more recently concern has also been expressed over their possible harmful effects on human development. No publisher adamsma1 POPs persistent organic pollutants APE006 assessment10 industry dioxin APE2010 air HCB PAH chemicals air emissions furan PCB polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons HCH pollution APE 2010-10-15T00:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions-1/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Across the EEA-32 countries, emissions of lead have decreased by 90%, mercury by 61% and lead by cadmium by 58% between 1990 and 2008. For each substance, the most significant sources in 2008 are from energy-related sources associated with fuel combustion, particularly from public power and heat generating facilities and in industrial facilities. Much progress has been made since the early 1990s in reducing point source emissions of cadmium and lead (e.g. emissions from industrial facilities). This has been achieved through improvements in for example abatement technologies for wastewater treatment, incinerators and in metal refining and smelting industries, and in some countries by the closure of older industrial facilities as a consequence of economic re-structuring. In the case of mercury, the observed decrease in emissions may be largely attributed to improved controls on mercury cells used in industrial processes (e.g. in the chlor-alkali process) including the replacement of old mercury cells by diaphragm or membrane cells, and the general decline of coal use across Europe as a result of fuel switching. The promotion of unleaded petrol within the EU and in other EEA member countries through a combination of fiscal and regulatory measures has been a particular success story. EU Member States have for example completely phased out the use of leaded petrol, a goal that was regulated by Directive 98/70/EC. From being the largest source of lead in 1990 when it contributed around 75% of total emissions, emissions from the road transport sector decreased since then by nearly 99%. Nevertheless, the road transport sector still remains an important source of lead, contributing around 8% of total lead emission in the EEA-32 region. However since 2002 little progress has been made in reducing emissions further; total emissions of lead have remained largely constant. Environmental context: Heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) are recognised as being toxic to biota. All have the quality of being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that chronic exposure of lower organisms to much lower concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of direct concern because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their potential ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. The relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies of heavy metals are compound specific. Specifically, exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers and kidney damage. Metals are persistent throughout the environment, and cadmium, lead and mercury are among those heavy metals that are already a focus of international and EU action. These substances tend not just to be confined to a given geographical region, and thus are not always open to effective local control. For example, in the case of cadmium, much is found in fine particles which do not readily dry deposit, rather having long residence times in the atmosphere and hence are subject to long-range transport processes. No publisher adamsma1 mercury assessment10 lead APE005 industry APE2010 air chemicals cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE 2010-10-15T00:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/energy-efficiency-and-energy-consumption-3/assessment?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Over the period 1990-2008, in EU-27 countries, energy efficiency in industry has improved by 30% at an annual average rate of 1.9% per year, with large differences among countries. Energy efficiency improvement has been realized in all industrial branches except textiles. Over the same period of time, per capita energy consumption in industry in EU-27 countries has decreased by 18%, with a faster pace in the new member countries, Germany, Belgium, France and the UK while the CO2 emissions (including those associated with electricity consumption) decreased by 23%. No publisher pastocin APE003 energy consumption ENER ENER25 ODEX energy efficiency ENER025 ENER2009 industry 2010-09-14T16:52:12+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-1/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-5?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Between 1990 and 2007, the final energy consumption in the EU-27 increased by 8.4 % at an annual average rate of 0.5%. Transport remains the sector with the fastest growing energy consumption (34.4% over the period) followed by services (21.1% over the period). Over the same period, the household final energy consumption increased by about 8.0% while the final consumption in industry fell by 11.7 %. Between 2006 and 2007, the EU-27 final energy consumption decreased by 1.5 % mainly due to significant reductions in the households (6.6 %) and services (4.6%) sectors. In transport and industry final energy consumption actually increased between 2006 and 2007 by 1.6% and 1% respectively. On average, one person in the EU-27 used 2.3 tonnes of oil equivalent to meet the energy needs in 2007. No publisher alec ENER16 ENER CSI027 energy ENER016 energy consumption ENER2009 CSI industry Assessment09 2010-09-14T15:22:22+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/energy-efficiency-index-odex-in-1?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Energy efficiency index of industry (ODEX) is a weighted average of the specific consumption index of 10 manufacturing branches; the weight being the share of each branch in the sum of the energy consumption of these branches in year t and the sum of the implied energy consumption from each underlying industrial branches in year t (based on the unit consumption of the sub-sector with a moving reference year). No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). ENER ENER25 ODEX energy ENER025 ENER2009 industry 2010-08-23T00:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-industry-final-energy?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Based on the ratio : energy consumption / population (%/year calculated on the period 1990-2007) No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). energy consumption ENER ENER25 energy ENER025 ENER2009 industry 2010-08-23T00:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/energy-efficiency-index-odex-in?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Energy efficiency index of industry (ODEX) is a weighted average of the specific consumption index of 10 manufacturing branches; the weight being the share of each branch in the sum of the energy consumption of these branches in year t and the sum of the implied energy consumption from each underlying industrial branches in year t (based on the unit consumption of the sub-sector with a moving reference year). No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). ENER ENER25 ODEX energy ENER025 ENER2009 industry 2010-08-23T00:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/final-energy-consumption-by-sector-1?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Final energy consumption by sector in the Western Balkans, 1995–2005 No publisher poulsmo1 EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). WB2009 energy consumption household Western Balkans agriculture industry transport 2010-06-04T00:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/current-and-proposed-oil-and?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Current and proposed oil and gas pipelines in south-east Europe No publisher poulsmo1 EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: UNEP/GRID-Arendal. Western Balkans WB2009 oil gas industry 2010-06-01T00:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/european-union-emissions-trading-scheme-eu-ets-data-from-citl-1?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Data about the EU emission trading scheme (ETS). The EU ETS data viewer provides aggregated data by country, by sector and by year on the verified emissions, allowances and surrendered units of the more than 12 000 installations covered by the EU emission trading scheme. No publisher simoens EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: Directorate-General for Environment (DG Environment). industry CITL air emissions emission trading 2010-05-19T13:00:00+02:00 Data