http://www.eea.europa.eu These are the search results for the query, showing results 11 to 25. http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/26th-highest-maximum-daily-8-hour-o3-concentration-averaged-through-available-urban-background-stations-eea-member-countries-1997?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit and/or lack of air quality data. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 air quality air pollution CSI004 ozone CSI 2010-05-05T13:21:29+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/4th-highest-24-hour-so2-concentration-averaged-through-available-urban-background-stations-eea-member-countries-1997?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit and/or lack of air quality data. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 CSI air pollution CSI004 SO2 air quality 2010-05-05T13:21:44+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/annual-mean-no2-concentration-averaged-through-available-urban-background-stations-eea-member-countries-1997?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit and/or lack of air quality data. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 air quality air pollution CSI004 CSI NO2 2010-05-05T13:21:09+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/percentage-of-population-resident-in-urban-areas-potentially-exposed-to-no2-concentration-levels-exceeding-the-annual-limit-value-eea-member-countries-1997?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic The annual mean limit value is 40 µg NO2/m³. Over the years 1997-2008 the total population, for which exposure estimates are made, increased from 55 to 118 million people due to an increasing number of monitoring stations reporting air quality data under the Exchange of Information Decision. Year-to-year variations in exposure classes are partly caused by the changes in spatial coverage. Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit and/or lack of air quality data. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 CSI air pollution air air quality CSI004 NO2 2010-05-05T13:13:58+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/36th-highest-24-hour-pm10-concentration-averaged-through-available-urban-background-stations-eea-member-countries-1997?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Only urban and sub-urban background monitoring stations have been included in the calculations. Data for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, and Turkey are not included due to the geographical coverage of the Urban Audit and/or lack of air quality data. No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 air quality PM10 air pollution CSI004 CSI 2010-05-05T13:07:32+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-persistent-organic-pollutant-pop-emissions/eea32-persistent-organic-pollutant-pop?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), an important group of chemicals categorised as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have decreased by 63% between 1990 and 2007. While the majority of individual countries report PAH emissions have fallen during this period, eight countries report increased emissions have occurred. Important emission sources of PAH, include residential combustion processes (open fires, coal and wood burning for heating purposes etc), industrial metal production processes, and the road transport sector. Emissions from these sources have all declined since 1990 as a result of decreased residential use of coal, improvements in abatement technologies for metal refining and smelting, and stricter regulations on emissions from the road transport sector. In 2007, the most significant source of PAHs was the 'other energy' sector accounting for 41% of total PAH emissions. This sector comprises emissions caused by fuel combustion mainly from the residential, commercial and institutional buildings sectors. Environmental context: Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, have potential to bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human health and the environment. This group of substances includes unintentional by-products of industrial processes (such as PAHs, dioxins and furans) pesticides (such as DDT), and industrial chemicals (such as polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs). All share the property of being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that chronic exposure of lower organisms to much lower concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans and wildlife, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of concern for human health because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. Their relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies are compound specific. POPs have also been shown to possess a number of toxicological properties. The major concern is often centred on their possible role in carcinogenic, immunological and reproductive effects but more recently concern has also been expressed over their possible harmful effects on human development. No publisher alec assessment09 APE006 industry polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons air POPs pollution chemicals air emissions PAH persistent organic pollutants APE2009 APE 2010-02-15T01:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions/eea32-heavy-metal-hm-emissions?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Across the EEA-32 countries, emissions of lead have decreased by 88%, mercury by 57% and lead by cadmium by 56% between 1990 and 2007. For each substance, the most significant sources in 2007 are from energy-related sources associated with fuel combustion, particularly from public power and heat generating facilities and in industrial facilities. Much progress has been made since the early 1990s in reducing point source emissions of cadmium and lead (e.g. emissions from industrial facilities). This has been achieved through improvements in for example abatement technologies for wastewater treatment, incinerators and in metal refining and smelting industries , and in some countries by the closure of older industrial facilities as a consequence of economic re-structuring. In the case of mercury, the observed decrease in emissions may be largely attributed to improved controls on mercury cells used in industrial processes (e.g. in the chlor-alkali process) including the replacement of old mercury cells by diaphragm or membrane cells, and the general decline of coal use across Europe as a result of fuel switching. The promotion of unleaded petrol within the EU and in other EEA member countries through a combination of fiscal and regulatory measures has been a particular success story. EU Member States have for example completely phased out the use of leaded petrol, a goal that was regulated by Directive 98/70/EC. From being the largest source of lead in 1990 when it contributed more than 70% of total emissions, emissions from the road transport sector decreased since then by more than 95%. Nevertheless, the road transport sector still remains an important source of lead, contributing around 25% of total lead emission in the EEA-32 region. However over the last 5 year period little progress has been made in reducing emissions further; total emissions of lead have remained largely constant. Environmental context: Heavy metals (such as cadmium, lead and mercury) are recognised as being toxic to biota. All have the quality of being progressively accumulated higher up the food chain, such that chronic exposure of lower organisms to much lower concentrations can expose predatory organisms, including humans, to potentially harmful concentrations. In humans they are also of direct concern because of their toxicity, their potential to cause cancer and their potential ability to cause harmful effects at low concentrations. The relative toxic/carcinogenic potencies of heavy metals are compound specific. Specifically, exposure to heavy metals has been linked with developmental retardation, various cancers and kidney damage. Metals are persistent throughout the environment, and cadmium, lead and mercury are among those heavy metals that are already a focus of international and EU action. These substances tend not just to be confined to a given geographical region, and thus are not always open to effective local control. For example, in the case of cadmium, much is found in fine particles which do not readily dry deposit, rather having long residence times in the atmosphere and hence are subject to long-range transport processes. No publisher alec mercury assessment09 lead APE005 industry air chemicals cadmium air emissions heavy metal pollution APE2009 APE 2010-02-15T01:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea-32-sulphur-dioxide-so2-emissions/eea-32-sulphur-dioxide-so2?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) have decreased by 69% between 1990 and 2007. In 2007, the most significant source of SO 2 emissions was the energy industries sector (69%), followed by emissions occurring from 'Other (Non Energy)' (20%) and industrial energy use (12%). The reduction in emissions since 1990 has been achieved as a result of a combination of measures, including fuel-switching in energy-related sectors away from high sulphur-containing solid and liquid fuels to low sulphur fuels such as natural gas, the fitting of flue gas desulphurisation abatement technology in industrial facilities and the impact of European Community directives relating to the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels. Seventeen of the EU-27 Member States have already reduced their national SO 2 emissions below the level of the emission ceilings set in the National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD), while a number of others are close to meeting their ceilings.   However, a small number of Member States still need to make significant further reductions in order to meet their respective ceilings under the NECD. Environmental context: Sulphur dioxide is emitted when fuels containing sulphur are combusted. It is a pollutant which contributes to acid deposition which in turn can lead to potential changes occurring in soil and water quality. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. SO 2 emissions also contribute to formation of particulate matter in the atmosphere, an important air pollutant in terms of its adverse impact on human health. No publisher alec APE001 air quality energy SO2 air assessment09 air emissions human pollution APE2009 APE 2010-02-15T01:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/eea-32-nitrogen-oxides-nox-emissions/eea-32-nitrogen-oxides-nox?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic EEA-32 emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) have decreased by 31% between 1990 and 2007. In 2007, the most significant sources of NO x emissions were the road transport sector (36%), combustion processes from within the energy industries sector (21%) and industrial energy use (15%) and the non-road transport sector (16%). The largest reduction of emissions since 1990 has occurred in the road transport sector. These reductions have been achieved despite the general increase in activity within this sector since the early 1990s and have primarily been achieved as a result of fitting three-way catalysts to petrol fuelled vehicles. In the electricity/energy production sector reductions have also occurred, in these instances as a result of measures such as the introduction of combustion modification technologies (such as use of low NO x burners), implementation of flue-gas abatement techniques (e.g. NO x scrubbers and selective (SCR) and selective non-catalytic (SNCR) reduction techniques) and fuel-switching from coal to gas. The National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD) specifies NO x emission ceilings for Member States that must be met by 2010. In general, the newer Member States have made substantially better progress towards meeting their respective NOx ceilings than the older Member States of the EU-15. Eleven of the twelve post-2004 Member States have already reduced emissions beyond what is required under the NECD, or are very close to doing so (Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia). In contrast, only one EU-15 Member State (Portugal) has emissions within its respective national ceiling. Many Member States therefore must make significant cuts to NO x emissions in the immediate coming years if they are to meet their obligations under the NECD. Environmental context: NO x contributes to acid deposition and eutrophication. The subsequent impacts of acid deposition can be significant, including adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems in rivers and lakes and damage to forests, crops and other vegetation. Eutrophication can lead to severe reductions in water quality with subsequent impacts including decreased biodiversity, changes in species composition and dominance, and toxicity effects. It is NO 2 that is associated with adverse affects on human health, as at high concentrations it can cause inflammation of the airways. NO 2 also contributes to the formation of secondary particulate aerosols and tropospheric ozone in the atmosphere - both are important air pollutants due to their adverse impacts on human health. No publisher alec APE002 assessment09 air quality assessment10 Baseline2010 industry air APE2010 NOx air emissions human pollution APE2009 nitrogen APE 2010-02-15T01:00:00+02:00 Indicator Assessment http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/emission-trends-of-selected-heavy-metals-eea-member-countries-indexed-1990-100?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Emission trends for cadmium, mercury and lead No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment09 lead cadmium air emissions heavy metal APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-mercury-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Change in mercury emissions No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment09 air emissions heavy metal APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-cadmium-emissions-1990-2007-eea-member-countries?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Change in cadmium emissions No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 cadmium air emissions heavy metal APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/emission-trends-of-pahs-eea-member-countries?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Emission trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons POPs air emissions PAH persistent organic pollutants APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-cadmium-mercury-and-lead-emissions-for-each-sector-between-1990-and-2007-eea-member-countries?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Change in heavy metals No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). mercury assessment09 lead cadmium air emissions heavy metal APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/change-in-pah-emissions-for-each-sector-between-1990-and-2007-eea-member-countries?utm_source=EEASubscriptions&utm_medium=RSSFeeds&utm_campaign=Generic Change in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions for each sector No publisher skovvann EEA standard re-use policy: unless otherwise indicated, re-use of content on the EEA website for commercial or non-commercial purposes is permitted free of charge, provided that the source is acknowledged (http://www.eea.europa.eu/legal/copyright). Copyright holder: European Environment Agency (EEA). assessment09 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons POPs air emissions PAH persistent organic pollutants APE2009 pollution 2010-01-26T16:00:00+02:00 EEAFigure