Data and maps

European average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in °C over land areas only: The sources of the original data: 1) Black line - HadCRUT3 from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit, baseline period 1850-1899 (Brohan et al., 2006) with the grey area representing the 95% confidence range, 2) Red line – MLOST from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Centre, baseline period 1880-1899 (Smith et al., 2008), and 3) Blue line - GISSTemp from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies, baseline period 1880-1899 (Hansen et al., 2010). Upper graph shows anomalies and lower graph shows decadal average anomalies for the same datasets. Europe is defined as the area between 35° to 70° North and -25° to 30° East, plus Turkey (35° to 40° North and 30° to 45° East).
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Areas of possible establishment of Aedes albopictus (the tiger mosquito) in Europe for 2010 and 2030: Developed by Francis Schaffner (BioSys Consultancy, Zurich), in partnership with Guy Hendrickx/Ernst-Jan Scholte (AviaGIS, Zoersel, Belgium) and Jolyon M Medlock (Health Protection Agency, United Kingdom) for the ECDC TigerMaps project
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Forests and their forgotten communities: In May 2008 a helicopter flew over unexplored parts of the Amazon in Acre State in Brazil, near the country’s border with Peru. Onboard were officials from Funai, the Brazilian government's Indian affairs department, on a mission to prove the existence of unknown Amazonian tribes who have never been in contact with the outside world. The few aerial pictures Funai has released show startled and intrigued people and their huts but do not reveal any landmarks which could be used to identify the exact location.
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Observed changes in frost days indices 1976-2010 (in days per decade): How to read the map: Frost day is defined as a day with an average temperature below 0 ºC. Stations with positive trends are in blue and stations with negative trend are in red colour. When stations are in green colour trends are not statistically significant at 25% level.
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Annual, winter (December, January, February) and summer (June, July, August) mean temperature deviations in Europe, 1860-2010 (°C): The lines refer to 10-year moving average European land.
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European annual average temperature deviations, 1850-2010, relative to the 1850-1899 average (in °C).: The lines refer to 10-year moving average, the bars to the annual 'land only' European average. The source of the original data is the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia. The European mean annual temperature deviations are in the source in relation to the base period 1961-1990. The annual deviations shown in the chart have been adjusted to be relative to the period 1850-1899 to better monitor the EU objective not to exceed 2°C above pre-industrial values. Over Europe average annual temperatures during the real pre-industrial period (1750-1799) were very similar to those during 1850-99. Europe is defined as the area between 35° to 70° Northern latitude, -25° to 30° Eastern longitude, plus Turkey (=35° to 40° North, 30° to 45° East). The resulting temperature anomalies were obtained using KNMI's climate explorer.
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Observed global annual average temperature deviations in the period 1850–2010 (in ºC): In blue, the source of the original anomalies is the combined UK Met Office Hadley Centre and Climate Research Unit dataset, HadCRUT3. The global mean annual temperature deviations are in relation to the base period 1961-1990. In red, the source of the original anomalies is NASA's GISS dataset. The anomalies are in the source in relation to the base period 1951-1980. The global mean annual temperature deviations have been adjusted to be relative to the period 1850-1899 (HadCRUT3) and 1880 - 1899 (NASA's GISS). All original data is rounded to the nearest 2 decimal places. The trend lines show the 10-year centred moving average of the original anomalies for both datasets relative to the period 1880-1899. The dotted lines show the annual anomalies of the HadCRUT3 (blue) data set and GISS (red) respectively.
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Rate of change of global average temperature, 1850-2010 (in ºC per decade): Lines refer to the decadal rate of change of the global temperature anomalies. Sources of the data are NASA’s GISS mean land-ocean temperature anomalies and the Hadley Center’s HadCRUT3 dataset
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Urban soil sealing in Europe: Soil is the earth's living skin and provides us with essential services for life in our planet: production of food; infiltration and cleansing of water and protection against flooding; habitat for plants; areas for recreation and mental health; micro climate regulation, etc. It is such a crucial resource that it can't be ignored. However, particularly in urban areas, soil is being sealed off with increasing housing and infrastructure.
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Adapting to climate change - key fact 3: So far, 11 European countries, and a few regions and cities, have adopted climate adaptation strategies.
Located in The European environment – state and outlook 2010 › … › Adapting to climate change - SOER 2010 thematic assessment › Key facts