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Rural concentration map of the ozone indicator AOT40 for crops, year 2009
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AOT40 for crops are vegatation exposure related indicators and are based on rural background station observation only.
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Global average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in degrees Celsius (°C) relative to a pre-industrial baseline period
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Global average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in degrees Celsius (°C) relative to a pre-industrial baseline period for 3 analyses of observations: 1) Black line - HadCRUT3 from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit, baseline period 1850-1899 (Brohan et al., 2006) with the grey area representing the 95% confidence range, 2) Red line – MLOST from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Centre, baseline period 1880-1899 (Smith et al., 2008), and 3) Blue line - GISSTemp from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies, baseline period 1880-1899 (Hansen et al., 2010). Upper graph shows annual anomalies and lower graph shows decadal average anomalies for the same datasets.
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European average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in °C over land areas only, for annual (upper), winter (middle) and summer (lower) periods
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European average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in °C over land areas only, for annual (upper), winter (middle) and summer (lower) periods relative to pre-industrial baseline period. 1) Black line - HadCRUT3 from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit, baseline period 1850-1899 (Brohan et al., 2006) with the grey area representing the 95% confidence range, 2) Red line – MLOST from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Centre, baseline period 1880-1899 (Smith et al., 2008), and 3) Blue line - GISSTemp from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies, baseline period 1880-1899 (Hansen et al., 2010).
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European average air temperature anomalies (1850 to 2011) in °C over land areas only
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The sources of the original data: 1) Black line - HadCRUT3 from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre and University of East Anglia Climate Research Unit, baseline period 1850-1899 (Brohan et al., 2006) with the grey area representing the 95% confidence range, 2) Red line – MLOST from the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Climatic Data Centre, baseline period 1880-1899 (Smith et al., 2008), and 3) Blue line - GISSTemp from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies, baseline period 1880-1899 (Hansen et al., 2010). Upper graph shows anomalies and lower graph shows decadal average anomalies for the same datasets.
Europe is defined as the area between 35° to 70° North and -25° to 30° East, plus Turkey (35° to 40° North and 30° to 45° East).
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Nuclear energy and waste production (ENER 013) - Assessment published Apr 2012
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The amount of high level nuclear waste from nuclear electricity production continues to accumulate. In 2009, 34,824 tonnes of heavy metals contained in high level nuclear waste was in storage, up 4.7% since 2008. The annual quantity of spent fuel was approximately 1,828 tonnes of heavy metals in 2009. However, there is a decreasing trend in the annual quantity of spent fuel arisings since 1990. On the other hand, the amount of electricity produced from nuclear power has increased by 12.5% over the period 1990 to 2009 (see ENER27). This decoupling between electricity production and generation of radioactive waste can be explained by the fact that fuel rods are replaced gradually as well as by improvements in fuel burnup and plant efficiency [1] .
[1] Energy efficiency is calculated using an efficiney coefficient of 33% for all reactors (the efficiency of a particular reactor type – CANDU) since all reactors types are slightly different. However overtime there is a trend towards more efficient reactors in Europe, such as those with breeder reactors/fuel enrichment. However, once a reactor is built, the efficiency assumed is fixed at 33%.
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Nuclear energy and waste production
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Energy-related emissions of acidifying substances (ENER 006) - Assessment published Apr 2012
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Energy-related emissions account for only 2% of NH 3 emissions but 96% of NO x and 94% of SO 2 emissions in the EEA-32 in 2009. They fell by 17%, 13% and 21% respectively between 2005 and 2009 in EEA-32 countries. Since 1990, these energy related emissions declined by 40% and 78% for NO x and SO 2 respectively but increased by 88% for NH 3 in the EU-27 and declined by 37% (NO x ) and 74% (SO 2 ) and increased by 92% (NH 3 ) in EEA-32 member countries. However as noted earlier the percentage of energy related NH 3 emissions are insignificant compare do the non-energy related NH 3 emissions. Most of the total reduction in pollutants contributing to acid deposition since 1990 is accounted for by lower SO 2 emissions from the energy-producing sector and lower NO x emissions from the transport sector. The EU-27 is broadly on track to meet its overall targets set under the NEC Directive (NECD) [1] , however further reductions are needed to improve remaining local and transboundary air pollution issues, and for ensuring that individual countries meet emissions ceiling targets under the NECD and the UNECE Gothenburg Protocol.
[1] See Pollutant Specific Factsheet NOx
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Energy-related emissions of acidifying substances
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Final energy consumption by sector (CSI 027/ENER 016) - Assessment published Mar 2012
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Between 1990 and 2009, the final energy consumption in the EU-27 increased by 3.2 % at an annual average rate of 0.2% whereas the final energy consumption decreased by 6.6% between 2005 and 2009. Transport remains the sector with the fastest growing energy consumption (30.6% over the period 1990-2009) followed by services (29.7% over the period 1990-2009). Over the same period, household final energy consumption increased by about 8.0% while final consumption in industry fell by 27.0 %. Of this decline in industry, a large decline occurred during the period 2008 to 2009, where there was a decline of 14.7% since 2008. Between 2008 and 2009, EU-27 final energy consumption decreased by 5.2 %. There were declines in all sectors due to the economic recession; there was even a decline in the transport sector (-2.7%) during the same period. On average, one person in the EEA countries used 2.1 tonnes of oil equivalent to meet their energy needs in 2009.
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Final energy consumption by sector
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Overall change in energy related emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3 by country, 2005-2009
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Emissions of NH3 have been omitted from the graph. Total emissions of NH3 have significantly increased but only contribute a very small amount to energy related emissions.
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Contribution of different sectors (energy and non-energy) to total emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3, 2009, EEA-32
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The figue shows the contribution of different sectors (energy and non-energy)
to total emissions of SO2, NOx and NH3
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Average annual growth rates of renewable energy in electricity consumption (EU-27) for 1990-2009 and 2008-2009
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Average annual growth rates of renewable energy in electricity consumption (EU-27) for 1990-2009 and 2008-2009.
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