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Europe's ecological backbone: recognising the true value of our mountains
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Europe's mountain areas have social, economic and environmental capital of significance for the entire continent. This importance has been recognised since the late 19th century through national legislation; since the 1970s through regional structures for cooperation; and since the 1990s through regional legal instruments for the Alps and Carpathians. The European Union (EU) first recognised the specific characteristics of mountain areas in 1975 through the designation of Less Favoured Areas (LFAs). During the last decade, EU cohesion policy and the Treaty of Lisbon have both focused specifically on mountains.
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Temperature change in the Alps and their sub-regions according to different emission scenarios
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Regional statistics: G = Greater Alpine Region, A = Alps, NW = north-western Alps, NE = northeastern Alps, SW = southwestern Alps, SE = southeastern Alps, H = higher than 1 500 m.
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Increase in species richness on Swiss Alpine mountain summits in 20th century
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Endemic, coldadapted species are declining as pioneer species drive them out of their characteristic niches due warming conditions
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Annual precipitation series (left graph) and annual cloudiness series (right graph)
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NW (top, grey) vs SE (bottom, black)
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Run-off and snow cover change up until the end of the 21st century in the winter, according to the CLM A1B scenario
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Left: relative difference in water available for runoff
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Final energy consumption per capita in 2006 and projected final energy consumption in 2030
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Share of renewable energy sources in electricity consumption in 2004 and targets for 2010 for EU-25
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This graph presents the share of renewable energy sources in electricity consumption in 2004 and targets for 2010 for the EU-25, the EU-15 and all EU-25 Member States.
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Apparent southward shift of European cities — due to climate change, 2070-2100
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Sea-level changes in Europe October 1992-May 2007
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Based on satellite data; trends in mm/year, inverted barometer included, seasonal signal removed
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Climate change impacts — exposure to flood risk under the climate change scenario A2
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Several major European cities (> 100 000 inhabitants) are potentially exposed to flood events (return period 100 years)
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Maps and graphs