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Emissions of acidifying substances (version 1) (CSI 001) - Assessment published Mar 2008
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Aggregated emissions of acidifying gases (NH 3 , NO x , SO 2 ) have decreased significantly in most EEA member countries between 1990 and 2005 (Figure 1) despite increased economic activity (GDP) occurring during this period. However, meeting the 2010 NO x emission ceilings is likely to be a problem for a number of countries. Emissions in the EU-15 Member States decreased by 47% since 1990 from 1 025 kt to 539 kt (Figure 2). The EU-15 is well on track on meeting its overall 2010 NECD target for acidifying pollutants. Between 1900 and 2005 emissions of acidifying pollutants in the new EU-12 countries declined significantly from 503 kt to 206 kt, a reduction of 59% (Figure 3). The new EU-12 is also on track on meeting its overall 2010 NECD target for acidifying substances.
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Emissions of acidifying substances (version 1)
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Emissions of acidifying substances (version 2) (CSI 001) - Assessment published Dec 2008
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Aggregated emissions of acidifying pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 ) have decreased significantly in most of the EEA member countries between 1990 and 2006. This decrease has been achieved despite the increased rates of economic activity that have occurred during this period. Across the EEA-32 region, emissions of acidifying pollutants decreased from 1 549 kt to 790 kt between 1990 and 2006 - a 49% reduction. The EU-27 as a whole is on track to meet its target to reduce emissions from acidifying pollutants based on an aggregation of its NEC Directive ceilings for the three individual pollutants. However, a number of individual Member States anticipate missing their emission ceilings for one or more of the individual acidifying pollutants.
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Emissions of acidifying substances (version 2)
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Emissions of ozone precursors (version 1) (CSI 002) - Assessment published Mar 2008
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Aggregated emissions of ozone-forming gases (ground-level ozone precursors - CH 4 , CO, NMVOC and NO x ) were reduced by 38% across the EEA member countries between 1990 and 2005, mainly as a result of the increased use of catalytic converters and to a lesser extent to a switch from petrol cars to diesel cars. Together these changes have significantly reduced emissions of NO x and CO from vehicles, an important source of ozone precursor emissions (Figure 1). Emissions in the EU-15 Member States decreased by 41% since 1990 (Figure 2), from 36 981 kt to 21 760 kt. Between 1990 and 2005 emission of ozone precursors in the new EU-12 Member States declined significantly from 9 136 kt to 5 715 kt, a reduction of 37% (Figure 3). The EU-15 and new EU-12 are unlikely to meet their aggregated 2010 NECD target for the two ozone precursors NO x and NMVOCs.
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Emissions of ozone precursors (version 1)
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Emissions of ozone precursors (CSI 002) - Assessment published Dec 2008
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The aggregated emissions of ground-level ozone precursor pollutants (nitrogen oxides (NO x ), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4 )) have decreased by 37% across the EEA-32 region between 1990 and 2006. This decrease has been achieved mainly as a result of the introduction of catalytic converters for vehicles and to a lesser extent by a switch from petrol-fuelled cars to more diesel cars. Together these changes have significantly reduced emissions of NO x and CO from the road transport sector, the main source of ozone precursor emissions. The EU-27 is still some way from meeting its target to reduce emissions of two ozone precursors (NO x and NMVOC) for which emission limits exist under the NEC Directive. A number of individual Member States anticipate missing their ceilings for one or either of these two pollutants.
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Emissions of ozone precursors
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors (CSI 003) - Assessment published Mar 2008
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Aggregated emissions of primary particles (PM 10 ) and secondary particulate precursors (NO x , SO 2 , NH 3 ) were reduced by 45% across the EEA member countries between 1990 and 2005 (Figure 1). This was mainly due to the reduction in emissions of the secondary particulate precursors which were reduced by 45% during this period, but also due to reductions in primary PM 10 emissions from energy industries, due to the move away from coal to natural gas for electricity generation and improvements in the performance of particulate abatement equipment at coal-fired power stations. Total EU-15 emissions of fine particles were reduced by 46% between 1990 and 2005 (Figure 2) with the highest decrease in the energy industry sector which reduced its emissions by 65% during this period. Between 1990 and 2005, total new EU-12 emissions of fine particulate matter were reduced by 54% (Figure 3) mainly due to reductions achieved in the industry and energy sectors which reduced their emissions by 70% and 60%, respectively.
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors (CSI 003) - Assessment published Dec 2008
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Total emissions of primary particulate matter (PM 10 ) and secondary particulate precursors (nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 )) have reduced by 44% across the EEA-32 region between 1990 and 2006. Of this reduction, 43% has taken place in the 'energy industries' sector due to the fuel-switching from coal to natural gas for electricity generation and improvements in the performance of pollution abatement equipment installed at industrial facilities. Emissions of primary PM 10 particulate matter make only a small contribution to total particulate matter formation - 13% in 2006. The majority of particulate matter is formed from emissions of the secondary particulate precursors. Of the particulate-forming pollutants, reductions of SO 2 that have taken place since 1990 have accounted for 60% of the overall reduction in particulate emissions, with NO x accounting for a further 30% of the observed reduction. The reduction in emissions of primary particles has accounted for only 6% of the overall reduction.
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors (CSI 003) - Assessment published Jan 2010
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Total emissions of primary particulate matter (PM 10 ) and secondary particulate precursors (nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) and ammonia (NH 3 )) have reduced by 45% across the EEA-32 region between 1990 and 2007. Of this reduction, 41% has taken place in the 'energy industries' sector due to the fuel-switching from coal to natural gas for electricity generation and improvements in the performance of pollution abatement equipment installed at industrial facilities. Emissions of primary PM 10 particulate matter make only a small contribution to total particulate matter formation (12%) in 2007. The majority of particulate matter is formed from emissions of the secondary particulate precursors. Of the particulate-forming pollutants, reductions of SO 2 that have taken place since 1990 have accounted for 60% of the overall reduction in particulate emissions, with NO x accounting for a further 30% of the observed reduction. The reduction in emissions of primary particles has accounted for only 6% of the overall reduction.
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Emissions of primary particles and secondary particulate matter precursors
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Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas (CSI 004) - Assessment published Dec 2008
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Particulate Matter (PM 10 ) In the period 1997-2006, 18-50% of the urban population was potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of particulate matter (PM 10 ) in excess of the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (50 microgram /m 3 daily mean not be exceeded more than 35 days a calendar year). There was no discernible trend over the period (Figure 1). Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) In the period 1997-2006, 18-42% of the urban population was potentially exposed to ambient air nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) concentrations above the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (40 microgram NO 2 /m 3 annual mean). There was a slight downwards trend over the period (Figure 1). Ozone (O 3 ) In the period 1997-2006, 14-61% of the urban population in Europe was exposed to ambient ozone concentrations exceeding the EU target value set for the protection of human health (120 microgram O 3 /m 3 daily maximum 8-hourly average, not to be exceeded more than 25 times a calendar year). The 61% of the urban population exposed to ambient ozone concentrations over the EU target value was recorded in 2003, which was the record year. There was no discernible trend over the period (Figure 1). Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) In the period 1997-2006, the fraction of the urban population in EEA-32 member countries that is potentially exposed to ambient air concentrations of sulphur dioxide in excess of the EU limit value set for the protection of human health (125 microgram SO 2 /m 3 daily mean not to be exceeded more than three days a year), decreased to less than 1%, and as such the EU limit value set is close to being met everywhere (Figure 1).
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Exceedance of air quality limit values in urban areas
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Freight transport demand (CSI 036) - Assessment published Apr 2009
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Freight transport volume has grown rapidly, and has generally been coupled with growth in GDP. Consequently the objective of decoupling GDP and transport growth has not been achieved. Closer inspection reveals great regional differences, with growth faster than GDP in the EU-15 Member States and slower than GDP in the EU-12 Member States. This is mainly a result of the economic restructuring in the new Member States over the past decade.
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Freight transport demand
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Generation and recycling of packaging waste (CSI 017/waste 002) - Assessment published Jan 2008
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There is a general increase in per capita quantities of packaging being put on the market. This development is seen both in the old and in the new EU Member States. This is not in line with the objective of the Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste, which aims at reducing the production of packaging waste. However, the EU target to recycle 25% of packaging waste in 2001 has been met and significantly exceeded. In 2006 the average recycling rate over the EU-27 reached 57 %, already exceeding the 2008 target of 55%. Differences in performance of individual countries suggest further potential for improvement, however.
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Generation and recycling of packaging waste
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