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Projected global average sea-level rise, 1990–2100
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Past observed and projected sea level rise from various information sources
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Arctic summer sea-ice age 1981–2000 compared with 2007, 2008, and 2009
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These images compare ice age, a proxy for ice thickness, in 2007, 2008, 2009, and the 1981–2000 average. 2009 saw an increase in second-year ice over 2008. At the end of summer 2009, 32% of the ice cover was second-year ice and three-year and older ice were 19% of the total ice cover, the lowest in the satellite record.
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Observed and projected Arctic September sea-ice extent, 1900–2100
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Observed and projected Arctic September sea-ice extent
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Melting area 1979–2008 and mass change 2003–2009 of the Greenland ice sheet
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Note: The maps on the left show the area of the Greenland ice sheet with at least one day of surface melting in summer. The diagram on the left shows the cumulated melt area, which is defined as the annual total sum of every daily ice sheet melt area. For example, if a particular area is melting on 20 days in a given year, it is counted 20 times.
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Potential climatic tipping elements
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Tipping elements are regional-scale features of the climate that could exhibit threshold-type behaviour in response to human-driven climate change – that is, a small amount of climate change at a critical point could trigger an abrupt and/or irreversible shift in the tipping element. The consequences of such shifts for societies and ecosystems are likely to be severe. Question marks indicate systems whose status as tipping elements is particularly uncertain. There are other potential tipping elements that are missing from the map, for example shallow-water coral reefs (Veron et al. 2009) threatened in part by ocean acidification
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Potential tipping elements with direct impacts on Europe
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Colours show population density
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Ocean acidity over the past 25 million years and projected to 2100
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The ‘pH’ is a measure of acidity – the lower the number the more acidic the ocean becomes. On a geological timescale, ocean pH has been relatively stable. Recently, oceans have been acidifying fast and this is projected to continue at a rate unprecedented for millions of years.
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The probability of exceeding 2 °C global warming versus CO2 emitted from 2000–2049
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Text bellow the image
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Projected changes in annual and summer precipitation between 1961–1990 and 2071–2100
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Annual changes in % as simulated by ENSEMBLES Regional Climate Models for the IPCC SRES A1B emission scenario.
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Cumulative specific net mass balance of selected glaciers from European glaciated regions, 1946–2008
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Cumulative specific net mass balance of selected glaciers from European glaciated regions
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