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Packaging waste generation per capita and by country
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Packaging waste
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Treatment of packaging waste in the EU-27
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packaging waste
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Global and European temperature (CSI 012/CLIM 001) - Assessment published May 2011
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Global
The global (land and ocean) average temperature increase between 1850 and 2010 was 0.81 0 C using combined UK Met Office Hadley centre and University of East Anglia - Climate Research Unit HadCRUT3 dataset compared to the 1850 - 1899 period average temperature and 0.89 0 C using Goddard Institute for Space Studies - GISS dataset compared to the 1880 - 1899 period average temperature. All used temperature records show the 2000s decade (2001 - 2010) was the warmest decade. For the HadCRUT3 and GISS datasets the rate of the global average has increased from around 0.06 0 C per decade over last 100 years, to 0.18 - 0.22 0 C in last decade.
The best estimates for projected global warming in this century are a further rise in the global average temperature from 1.8 to 4.0 0 C for different scenarios that assume no further/additional action to limit emissions. The EU global temperature target is projected to be exceeded between 2040 and 2060, taking into account all six IPCC scenarios.
Europe
Europe has warmed more than the global average. The average temperature for the European land area for the last decade (2001 - 2010) was 1.2 °C above the 1850 - 1899 average, and for the combined land and ocean area 1.0 °C above. Considering the land area, 8 out of the last 13 years were among the warmest years since 1850. High-temperature extremes like hot days, tropical nights, and heat waves have become more frequent, while low - temperature extremes (e.g. cold spells, frost days) have become less frequent in Europe. The average length of summer heat waves over Western Europe doubled over the period 1850 to 2010 and the frequency of hot days almost tripled. The annual average temperature in Europe is projected to rise in this century with the largest warming over eastern and northern Europe in winter, and over Southern Europe in summer. High temperature events across Europe including temperature extremes such as heat waves are projected to become more frequent, intense and longer this century, whereas winter temperature variability and the number of cold and frost extremes are projected to decrease further. According to the projections, the most affected European regions are going to be the Iberian and the Apennine Peninsula and south - eastern Europe.
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Global and European temperature
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Capacity of infrastructure networks (TERM 018) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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During the last decade, the total length of Europe's motorway network, High Speed Rail (HSR) network, inland waterways and pipelines have increased. However, the total length of the conventional rail network has decreased. While infrastructure length is only a proxy measure for capacity, the steady increase in the length of the motorway infrastructure between 1990 and 2008 suggests that road capacity has expanded to the detriment of conventional rail. The data may not show the full extent of the divergence as motorway length may have increased even more than noted since additional lanes are not counted in the statistics (see the Definitions Section) and the rail network may have decreased further through reducing double track to single or reducing signalling spacing, which statistics do not show. The data shows that the negative effect is bigger for the new Member States (EU-12) than for the EU-15 countries. For example, the length of rail infrastructure, fell much more in the EU-12 than in the EU-15 during this time period. Increasing infrastructure capacity is not always necessary. Optimization of the capacity of the existing infrastructure through interconnectivity, interoperability, intermodality and road pricing still has lots of potential throughout Europe. The application of these principles might be more beneficial to society and definitely to the environment than the construction of new infrastructure when capacity and congestion problems arise.
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Capacity of infrastructure networks
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Combined heat and power (CHP) (ENER 020) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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The share of electricity produced from combined heat and power (CHP) in the EU-27 remained the same between 2006 and 2007 at 10.9%, despite strong policy support to promote the technique in many Member States. High gas prices and relatively low electricity prices reduced the competitiveness of gas-fired CHP-plants. Greater incentives will be needed to reach the EU-15 indicative target of 18 % of CHP electricity in gross electricity production by 2010 (currently 10.2% of total gross electricity production in EU-15). In the new Member States the share of CHP in electricity production is 15.0% of total gross electricity production in these countries, approximately 1.5 times that in the EU-15.
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Combined heat and power (CHP)
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Efficiency of conventional thermal electricity generation (ENER 019) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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The
efficiency of electricity and heat production from conventional thermal power and
district heating plants improved steadily from 43.5% in 1990 to 49.0% in 2006,
but decreased to 48.3% in 2007 because of lower heat production. The improvement
until 2006 was due to the closure of old inefficient plants, improvements in
existing technologies, often combined with a switch from coal power plants to
more efficient combined cycle gas-turbines. The environmental benefits
resulting from the increase in efficiency of the conventional thermal
electricity and heat production (including biomass were offset by the rapid
growth in fossil-fuel based (oil, gas, coal & lignite) electricity
production (30.0% in the period 1990-2007).
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Efficiency of conventional thermal electricity generation
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Electricity production by fuel (ENER 027) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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Fossil fuels
and nuclear energy continue to dominate the fuel mix for electricity production
in EU-27. In
2007, the share in total gross electricity production of the electricity
generated from fossil fuels was 55.4 %, and of the electricity generated from
nuclear was 27.9 %. By comparison, the electricity generated from renewable
sources was 15.7% (in 2007). The total electricity production increased
significantly by 35.0 % since 1990, thus offsetting some of the emissions
reductions achieved due to fuel switching from solid fuels to natural gas.
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Electricity production by fuel
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Energy efficiency in transformation (ENER 011) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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In 2007 only 70.4 % of the total primary energy consumption in the EU reached the end users. Transformation and distribution losses have increased slightly since1990, from 29.1 % in 1990 to 29.6 % in 2007. About 5 % represented the energy-sector's own consumption of energy. An increase of the conversion efficiency in power plants has been compensated by a sharp growth in electricity consumption.
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Energy efficiency in transformation
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Final electricity consumption by sector (ENER 018) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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Final
electricity consumption increased rapidly in most economic sectors at an
average annual growth of around 1.7% per year over the period 1990-2007. Across
the whole period, final electricity consumption grew by 32.8 %. The strongest
growth was observed in the service sector (59.1 %), followed by households
(37.2 %), industry (17.5 %) and the transport sector (14.3 %). The observed
increase is the consequence of both the attractiveness of electricity as an
energy carrier and economic growth.
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Final electricity consumption by sector
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Final energy consumption by sector (CSI 027/ENER 016) - Assessment published Sep 2010
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Between 1990 and 2007, the final energy consumption in the EU-27 increased
by 8.4 % at an annual average rate of 0.5%. Transport remains the sector with
the fastest growing energy consumption (34.4% over the period) followed by
services (21.1% over the period). Over the same period, the household final
energy consumption increased by about 8.0% while the final consumption in industry
fell by 11.7 %. Between 2006
and 2007, the EU-27 final energy consumption decreased by 1.5 % mainly due to
significant reductions in the households (6.6 %) and services (4.6%) sectors. In
transport and industry final energy consumption actually increased between 2006
and 2007 by 1.6% and 1% respectively. On average, one person in the EU-27 used 2.3 tonnes of oil equivalent
to meet the energy needs in 2007.
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Final energy consumption by sector
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