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Water-limited crop productivity (CLIM 032) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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Yields of several crops (e.g. wheat) are stagnating, whereas yields of other crops (e.g. maize in north Europe) are increasing; both effects are partly due to the observed climatic warming.
Extreme climatic events, including droughts and heat waves, have negatively affected crop productivity during the first decade of the 21st century, and this is expected to further increase yield variability under climate change.
Crop yields will be affected by the combined effects of changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Future climate change can lead to yield decreases or increases, depending on crop type and with considerable regional differences across Europe.
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Water-limited crop productivity
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Storms (CLIM 005) - Assessment published Nov 2012
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Storm location, frequency and intensity have shown considerable variability across Europe over the past century, making it difficult to identify clear trends. A recent reanalysis suggests that storminess has increased over the past century in northern and north-western Europe but this finding is not yet robust.
Climate change projections for storms in the North Atlantic and Europe region show no clear consensus in either the direction of movement or the intensity of storm activity. However, a recent study involving 20 climate models projects enhanced extreme wind speeds over northern parts of central and western Europe, and a decrease in extreme wind speeds in southern Europe.
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Storms
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Projected changes in extreme wind speed based on GCM and RCM ensembles
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Ensemble mean of changes in extreme wind speed (defined as the 98th percentile of daily maximum wind speed) for A1B (2071–2100) relative to 1961–2000. Left: based on 9 GCMs. Right: based on 11 RCMs. Coloured areas indicate the magnitude of change (unit: m s−1), statistical significance above 0.95 is shown by black dots.
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Projected changes in effective solar radiation from two climate models
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The map shows the mean changes in effective solar radiation (MJ m-2), which is an indicator for water-limited crop productivity, for the period 2031–2050 compared with 1975–1994 for the RACMO (KNMI) and HadRCM3 (Hadley Centre.HC) projections under the A1B emission scenario.
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Annual greenhouse gas emission targets in Europe under the KP (2008–2012) relative to base-year emissions
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The final emission levels allocated to the European Union and each Member State were established after completion of the reviews of the initial reports pursuant to Article 8 of the KP in 2008. To account for Denmark's exceptionally low base-year emissions compared to other years, Denmark received five million AAUs from the Union registry for the first commitment period under the KP
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Past and projected emissions of the main air pollutants and primary particulate matter. EEA-32 + Western Balkan countries
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Past and projected emissions of the main air pollutants CO, NMVOC, NOx, NH3 PM2.5 and SOx
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Trends and outlooks in transport demand for the different modes of transport, EU-25, 1990-2030
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The figure shows past (from 1990) and projected (until 2030) values for passenger transport demand within the EU-25. Results are presented both in absolute numbers (per category values for different means of transport summing up to total annual passenger transport demand in Gpkm for the years 1990-2030) and their respective percentage share of total passenger transport demand in Gpkm.
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Slowdown of urban growth
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Historical trends and projections by world regions (1950- 2050) of urban growth rate showing a clear slowdown for all regions
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Urban trends
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Historical urban population trends and projections by world regions (1950- 2050), showing the share of cities with less than 750 000 inhabitants
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Correlation between fertility and female education
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The graph shows the correlation between adult female literacy (X-axis) rates and fertility rates (Y-axis) by country. Circles are proportional to national country population.
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