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Fluorinated greenhouse gases (aggregated data): The visualization shows the 2007-2011 trend of production, imports, exports and consumption of F-gases in EU-27, based on the information reported by undertakings. Values are expressed in million tonnes CO2-eq., using the GWP provided in the 3rd Assessment IPCC Report (GWP TAR). The information is provided by type of gases (HFCs, PFCs or SF6) when available or is reported as 'Unspecified' in cases where there is not enough information/ the confidentiality rule applies.
Located in Data and maps › Envisualise your data
Late lessons II Chapter 15 - Floods: lessons about early warning systems: Located in Publications › Late lessons from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation › Chapters
Water-limited crop productivity (CLIM 032) - Assessment published Nov 2012: Yields of several crops (e.g. wheat) are stagnating, whereas yields of other crops (e.g. maize in north Europe) are increasing; both effects are partly due to the observed climatic warming. Extreme climatic events, including droughts and heat waves, have negatively affected crop productivity during the first decade of the 21st century, and this is expected to further increase yield variability under climate change. Crop yields will be affected by the combined effects of changes in temperature, rainfall and atmospheric CO 2 concentration. Future climate change can lead to yield decreases or increases, depending on crop type and with considerable regional differences across Europe.
Located in Data and maps › Indicators › Water-limited crop productivity
Glaciers (CLIM 007) - Assessment published Nov 2012: The vast majority of glaciers in the European glacial regions are in retreat. Glaciers in the European Alps have lost approximately two thirds of their volume since 1850, with clear acceleration since the 1980s. Glacier retreat is expected to continue in the future. The volume of European glaciers has been estimated to decline between 22 and 66 % compared to the current situation by 2100 under a business-as-usual emission scenario. Glacier retreat contributes to sea-level rise and it affects freshwater supply and run off regimes, river navigation, irrigation and power generation. It may also cause natural hazards and damage to infrastructure.
Located in Data and maps › Indicators › Glaciers
Snow cover (CLIM 008) - Assessment published Nov 2012: Snow cover extent in the Northern Hemisphere has fallen by 7 % in March and 11 % in April during the past 4 decades. In winter and autumn no significant changes have occurred. Snow mass in Europe has decreased by 7 % in March from 1982 to 2009. Model simulations project widespread reductions in the extent and duration of snow cover in Europe over the 21st century. However, there are large uncertainties in the projections. Changes in snow cover affect the Earth’s surface reflectivity, water resources, the flora and fauna and their ecology, agriculture, forestry, tourism, snow sports, transport and power generation.
Located in Data and maps › Indicators › Snow cover
Greenland ice sheet (CLIM 009) - Assessment published Nov 2012: The Greenland ice sheet is the largest body of ice in the Northern Hemisphere and plays an important role in the cryosphere. It changed in the 1990s from being in near mass balance to losing about 100 billion tonnes of ice per year. Ice losses have since then more than doubled to 250 billion tonnes a year averaged over 2005 to 2009. The contribution of ice loss from the Greenland ice sheet to global sea-level rise is estimated at 0.14–0.28 mm/year for the period 1993–2003 and has since increased. The recent melting of the Greenland ice sheet is estimated to have contributed up to 0.7 mm a year to sea-level rise, which is approximately one quarter of the total sea-level rise of about 3.1 mm/year. Model projections suggest further declines of the Greenland ice sheet in the future but the processes determining the rate of change are still poorly understood.
Located in Data and maps › Indicators › Greenland ice sheet
Projections of economic costs from climate change and socio-economic developments for four major categories: Projections of economic costs from climate change and socio-economic developments for four major categories for two different socio economic scenarios and three different future periods. Left: damage costs for the A1B scenario for energy for cooling, heat-related mortality (weighted average of Value of a Statistical Life (VSL) and Value of a Life Year Lost (VOLY)), river floods and coastal zones. Time horizon: 2010–2040, 2040–2070 and 2070–2100. Right: A1B and E1 scenarios, 2070–2100.
Located in Data and maps › Maps and graphs
Simulated change in water-limited wheat production: The figure shows the simulated change in water-limited wheat production for 2030 compared with 2000 for the A1B emission scenario using a cold (ECHAM5) (left) and a warm (HADCM3) (right) climate change projection. The simulation was performed on a 25x25 km grid (assuming current area of wheat cropping) but the results are presented here at the NUTS-2 level.
Located in Data and maps › Maps and graphs
Projected changes in annual snowfall days: The figure shows the multi-model mean of changes in annual snowfall days from 1971-2000 to 2041-2070 exceeding (left) 1 cm and (right) 10 cm based on six RCM simulations and the emission scenario A1B
Located in Data and maps › Maps and graphs
Trend in March snow mass in Europe: The figure (left) shows anomalies for March snow mass in the EEA region (excluding mountain areas) and the 30-year linear trend. The map (right) shows a snapshot of snow cover on 15 February 2009.
Located in Data and maps › Maps and graphs